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- 2016 - The Universe was born 13.8 billion years ago. Our telescopes can see 13 billion lightyears distance and back in time. In this way telescopes can trace the eras of the universe expansion. The balance of expansion and gravity allow the calculations for the composition of the Universe. This is where Dark Matter and Dark Energy theories come from.
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--------------------------- 2016 - Birth of the Universe
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- I do not like to think of the Universe as “infinite”. It does not go on forever. It has a beginning and an end.. It started 13.8 billion years ago. Then it expanded at the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second. Today it has a radius of 46.1 billion light years because it has been expanding during the time the light has been traveling to us. We can only see 13.8 lightyears back in time.
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- Today’s telescopes can see nearly that far back in space and in time, say back 13 billion years. Viewing a galaxy at those great distances requires that we see the light with a “redshift” . Because the light source is moving away from us while the light is traveling towards us the wavelengths of light have been stretched out to reach us at lower frequencies. Red light is at the lower end of the light spectrum, it has a lower frequency and wider wavelength. The infrared light is wider wavelength than our eyes can detect.
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- The amount of redshift can be a measurement of the distance traveled through the expanding Universe. The brightness of light can also be a measurement of the distance to the source. “Brightness decreases as the square of the distance.” Still another distance measurement is the angular degrees decreases as distance increases.
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- If we see a supernova go off in a distant galaxy, and, we know it’s intrinsic brightness we can calculate its distance. This intrinsic brightness can be determined by measuring similar supernova brightness of closer supernovae where distance is known using different calculations.
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- In this way, measuring the redshift we can calculate the rate at which the Universe is expanding. It is expanding at an ever increasing rate. The current rate is 49,306 miles per hour per million light years of space. In other words the more space the faster it is expanding.
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- Knowing the relationship between matter - energy - space - time allows these ratios to also be calculated:
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---------------------------- 0.01 %. Is photon radiation
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---------------------------- 0.10%. Are neutrinos
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-------------------------- 4.9%. Is Normal Matter, that is planets, stars, galaxies, dust, plasma, blackholes.
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------------------------- 27%. Is Dark Matter, an unknown something that interacts with gravity but does not interact with light, and the electromagnetic forces.
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------------------------ 68%. Dark Energy, a mysterious force that is causing the Universe to expand at that accelerating rate.
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- Dark Energy is predominate at 68%. But that was not always the case. For the first 9 billion years Normal Matter and Dark Matter were predominate. And, for the first few thousand years radiation of photons and neutrinos were predominate. Each of these eras were expanding the Universe at different rates.
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- The diameter of the Milky Way Galaxy is 100,000 light years. When the Universe was 3 years old it was this size.
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- When the Universe was 1 year old the average temperature was 2 million degrees Kelvin.
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- When the Universe was 1 second old it was a sea of hot plasma composed of free protons and neutrinos
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- When the Universe was 10^-12 seconds old, a trillionth of a second old, it was the radius of the Sun-Earth distance, 93 million miles.
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- A period of exponential expansion, faster than the speed of light, occurred between 10^-35 and 10^-30 seconds after the Big Bang.
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- At 10^-35 seconds the Universe was 17 centimeters in size, the size of a basketball.
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- At 10^-30 seconds it was 168 meters, the size of a basketball stadium.
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- Therefore, the size of the Universe is much bigger than we can possibly see.
Due to the finite speed of light our “Observable Universe “ is only 13.8 billion light years radius. The universe outside that limit must be at least 250 times larger. It could be very much larger than that. We just do not know how big the total universe is.?
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-Einstein’s equations that describe the expansion of the universe are so complex that for 100 years they could not account for astronomer’s observations. Now precise measurements of supernovae along with course approximations introduce the need for Dark Energy in order to fit the data.
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- Dark Energy is only surmised due its effect on other objects. It is purely theoretical. But, it explains why we see the universe expansion accelerating. Modeling on the computer creates an image of expanding foam where galaxies are found on the thin walls of each bubble. Large pockets in the middle are devoid of matter.
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- Recent models have the different parts expanding at different rates. It is the average that is consistent with observation. We still rely on the theory of a period of “hyper accelerated inflation” to explain the uniform flatness of space on all directions. “Inflation” requires the universe to be filled with a high density energy that gravitationally repels, causing expansion to speed up.
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- There are tiny density and temperature variations in this expanding cosmos. These areas condense under the influence of gravity to form a pattern of galaxies and large scale structures. The average temperature variation is only 0.01%. Gravitational waves are another source of hot and cold spots across this cosmic background radiation.
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- These waves are detected due to polarization of light having a preferred orientation in an electric field. Only in those patches where the expansion rate is slowed are the galaxies, stars, planets, and us formed. This whole outcome can change easily with the slightest change in initial conditions. The miracle is that we happen in this particular set of conditions. You can thank your lucky stars.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Thursday, January 11, 2018 -----
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