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------------- 2236 - COSMIC INFLATION - expanding over 14 billion years
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- It only took God 7 days to expand the Universe into the one we get to study today. Astronomers and physicists have done the study and they come up with needing a lot more time:
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------------------------------ 5,055,250,000,000 days.
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- Of course there was no Sun or Earth to have days back then, but , if we use the measure of days we have today that is how far back in time we go to the to the beginning of the universe.
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- The Universe is the start of everything we know. Science has discovered that the Universe is expanding today at an ever increasing acceleration. Ok, if we run this backwards the universe must have started at a point. This point of a compact universe is called a singularity. The whole Universe compacted into a single point of energy.
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- A singularity is an instant where all the matter and energy in the Universe was concentrated as small as it can get.. The temperatures, densities, and energies of the Universe would be infinitely large and the point would coincide with the birth of time and space.
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- We get to this conclusion because as we look to greater and greater distances, we find that the more distant galaxies appear to recede from us at faster and faster speeds, owing to the accelerating expansion of the Universe.
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- Today we see the Observable Universe full of galaxies in all directions at a wide variety of distances. We also find that the more distant a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be receding from us. This is not due to the actual motions of the individual galaxies through space. It is due to the fact that the fabric of space in between the galaxies itself is expanding and separating the galaxies from each other..
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- The accelerating expansion of the Universe means that as time goes on, the matter within it spreads out and becomes less dense, since the volume of the Universe is increasing.
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- Running time backwards the Universe must have been denser, hotter, and more uniform. If we extrapolate all the way back, we get to earlier, hotter, and denser states that culminate into a singularity?
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- As we approach this singularity we enter an era where:
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- Where gravitation hasn’t had enough time to pull matter into large enough clumps to have stars and galaxies.
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- Where the Universe was so hot you couldn’t form neutral atoms.
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- Where even atomic nuclei were blasted apart.
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- Where matter-antimatter pairs would spontaneously form.
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- Where individual protons and neutrons would break down into quarks and gluons.
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- And, where the conventional laws of physics breaks down.
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- Each step represents the Universe when it was younger, smaller, denser, and hotter. Densities and temperatures rise to infinite values, as all the matter and energy in the Universe was contained within a single point.
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- The stars and galaxies we see today didn’t always exist. The farther back we go, the closer to an apparent singularity the Universe gets, but there is a limit to that extrapolation.
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- The temperature fluctuations we see in the cosmic microwave background are only
1-part-in-30,000. This is thousands of times smaller than a singular Big Bang predicts.
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- The fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background are of such small magnitude and of such a particular pattern that they strongly indicate the Universe began with the same temperature everywhere and only had 1-part-in-30,000 fluctuations. This fact is irreconcilable with an arbitrarily hot Big Bang.
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- There must have been a cutoff to this condensation. We cannot extrapolate back arbitrarily far, to a hot-and-dense state that reaches whatever energies we can dream of. There’s a limit to how far we can go and still validly describe our Universe.
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- In the early 1980s, it was theorized that, before our Universe was hot, dense, expanding, cooling, and full of matter and radiation, it was inflating. A phase of cosmic inflation meant that the Universe was:
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- Filled with energy inherent to space itself,
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- This energy causes a rapid, exponential expansion,
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- This is an expansion that stretches the Universe to be geometrically flat,
- This in turn allows the same properties to exist everywhere,
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- These small-amplitude quantum fluctuations, get stretched to enormous scales.
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- Then, inflation comes to an end and space expands at its current rate.
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- Inflation causes space to expand exponentially, which can very quickly result in any pre-existing curved or non-smooth space appearing flat. If the Universe is curved, it has a radius of curvature that is at minimum hundreds of times larger than what we can observe. We have the Observable Universe, then the total universe that we can never see because that light will never reach us.
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- Running inflation backwards in time it all converts into energy that was previously inherent to space itself, into matter and radiation, which leads to the hot Big Bang. But, it doesn’t lead to an arbitrarily hot Big Bang, rather one that achieved a maximum temperature that’s at most hundreds of times smaller than the scale at which a singularity could emerge. In other words, it leads to a hot Big Bang that arises from an inflationary state, not a singularity state.
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- The information that exists in our Observable Universe only corresponds to the final 10^-33 seconds of inflation, and everything that came after. If you want to ask the question of how long inflation lasted, we simply have no idea. It lasted at least a little bit longer than 10^-33 seconds, but whether it lasted a little longer, a lot longer, or for an infinite amount of time is unknowable.
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- The cosmic history of the entire known Universe shows that we owe the origin of all the matter within it, and all the light, ultimately, to the end of inflation and the beginning of the Hot Big Bang. Since then, we’ve had 13,800,000,000 years of cosmic evolution, a picture confirmed by multiple sources.
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- So what happened to start turning inflation off?
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- Mathematically it’s impossible for an inflating state to arise from a singularity. Space expands at an exponential rate during inflation. After a certain amount of time goes by, the Universe doubles in size. Wait twice as long, and it doubles twice, making it four times as large. Wait three times as long, it doubles three times, making it 8 times as large. And if you wait 10 or 100 times as long, those doublings make the Universe 2¹° or 2¹°° times as large.
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- This exponential rate of inflation means if we go backwards in time by that same amount the Universe would be smaller, but would never reach a size of 0. Respectively, it would be half, a quarter, an eighth, 2^-10, or 2^-100 times its original size. But no matter how far back you go, you never achieve a true singularity as we have defined it.
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- We know that inflation cannot arise from a singular state, because an inflating region must always begin from a finite size.
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- Fluctuations in spacetime itself at the quantum scale get stretched across the Universe during inflation, giving rise to imperfections in both density and gravitational waves. That is the state of the universe we see today.
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- (More reviews on this subject are available if requested)
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- 1680 - Cosmic Inflation theory assumes that everything started out as quantum fluctuations that got amplified into cosmic inflation. This is evidenced by systematic analysis down to 5-sigma accuracy and using two different modes of detection.
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- 1824 - Today inflation is used to explain why space is flat. Flat meaning the universe has the critical density to just balance gravity pull and Dark Energy push.
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- 1586 - The critical density variations of the cosmic background re 113,000 lightyears across.
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- 1305 - Cosmic harmonics tell us that the Cosmic background radiation started 115,000 years before and ended 487,000 years after the Big Bang.
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- 836 - The Hubble Constant of expansion is 49,000 miles per hour per million lightyears of separation.
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- There are also several reviews about the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation.
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- January 17, 2019
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-------------------------- Thursday, January 17, 2019 --------------------------
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