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---------------------- 2248 - From the Big Bang and Back Again
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- Immediately after the Big bang only two elements were formed. Mostly hydrogen and helium. It took only three minutes for this to happen. Between 10^-12 and 10^-6 seconds only neutrinos quarks and electrons were formed. And one second more before they formed the first protons and neutrons.
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- Within 20 minutes the expansion of the Universe had cooled the universal soup to where no more atoms or elements could form. The soup remained so charged with electrons running free between the atomic nuclei it kept photons of light from escaping.
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- Expansion and cooling continued for another 380,000 years before conditions allowed electrons to be captured by nuclei and the soup to become neutrally charged. That is when the radiation could break free and spread out from the soup of hydrogen and helium atoms that were now elements, no nuclei
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- When atoms entered their lowest energy states they also released energy in the form of gamma radiation. Today those gamma rays have been stretched by expanding space and are seen today as microwave background radiation.
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- But, microwaves are not the only way we can look at the expanding universe. And, it is not just photons of light that we can use Today we can view the universe in infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray and even gamma ray radiation. Today, astronomers can even see with neutrinos as well as photons.
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- Trillions of subatomic neutrinos pass through us every second. But, they have neutral charge and do not interact with any atomic structures as they pass by. Seeing with neutrinos would be a significant breakthrough for astronomers. Photons of visible light are what you see from the surface of objects. They reflect on the outside of an object.
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- If we could see with neutrinos we could see on to the inside of an object. Astronomers are using the IceCube observatory in the Antarctica to do just that. This strange telescope came on line in September ,2017. The telescope is comprised of neutrino detectors suspended in a cubic kilometer of ice.
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- Detection by at least 3 detectors is enough to create a straight line pointing backwards to he source of these high energy neutrinos that can activate detection. Astronomers have traced the neutrino source back to an energetic blackhole in the center of a galaxy that is 3,700,000,000 lightyears away. Gamma rays were detected coming from this same source.
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- This first detection was the start of “neutrino astronomy“. It parallels the discovery of gravitational waves detection that also expands our field of vision Astronomy is not just photons any more. . Astronomers are able to bring together the entire electromagnetic spectrum in the search of new discoveries.
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- These blackholes are at the centers of all rotating galaxies. Each blackhole is millions or billions times the mass of the Sun. Spinning around the central blackhole are gas, dust and stellar debris swirling around at high velocities to avoid being pulled in by the immense gravity at the center.
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- This envelope of spinning debris can itself emit light that escapes the blackhole. At the poles of this spinning galactic debris are jets of particles escaping at nearly the speed of light. This is what categorizes the spinning blackhole as a quasar, or a blazar. These jets of materials include neutrinos and when they happen to be pointed at our direction the neutrinos can be detected by the IceCube detectors.
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- Studying at these fringes of astronomy may help us learn how the Universe came from nothing. How matter and antimatter separated and our matter Universe could form. Somehow in the beginning the matter annihilation process moved forward and did not reverse itself back into pure energy.
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- Astronomers are challenged to explain how matter could freeze out of this self annihilation soup. Somehow bubbles of matter-antimatter separated. Somehow matter was created separately and we just got lucky to come out on the better half. But, how do we explain where the unlucky half is right now? Is there another universe somewhere?
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- This process must have started with some minuscule difference between a protons and an antiprotons. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN , Switzerland, is conducting experiments to discovery this miniscule difference.
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- There is a theory that the Higgs Boson field had something to do with the matter freezing out of these bubbles of evolving soup. Will we ever learn what and where and how we came from. I am sitting here , typing , and thinking about that. It is the ultimate puzzle, how did I get here? Where do I go from here?
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- Other Reviews available about the big Bang:
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- 2242 - How to understand it? This Review also lists 10 more reviews about how everything started from nothing. 1258 to 392
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- 2146 - Astronomy is seeing history.
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- 2065 - The antimatter mystery?
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- 712 - The primeval atom?
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- 376 - The origins of existence?
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- 6 - First creations?
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- January 26, 2019
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-------------------------- Saturday, January 26, 2019 --------------------------
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