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---------------------- 2319 - QUANTUM - Welcome to the Quantum World
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- Newton came up with only three laws to explain what was going on. He explained how all motion in the universe works:
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----------------------- (1) The law of inertia, objects in motion tend to stay in motion.
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----------------------- (2) Force is equal to the mass times its acceleration, F = ma
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---------------------- (3) Action equals reaction
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---------------------- (4) Gravity force equals the product of masses divided by the square of the distance between them, F = G*M*m/r^2
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- Einstein changed the rules to explain what was going on. He determined that only relative motion applied to Newton’s basic laws. He said that there was no physical means by which one can observe a body’s absolute motion through space.
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- Einstein chose the math that would describe space and time so that changes in space cancel changes in time and they would both appear the same to everyone. To do this he declared that gravity was not a force at all, but, a curvature in space-time, and, that the speed of light was a constant, the same for all observers.
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----------------------- There are only two laws to explain thermodynamics:
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----------------------- (1) Conversation of Energy
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----------------------- (2) Entropy, limits the utilization of energy (and information)
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- Maxwell had only four laws to describe electricity and magnetism, later extended to apply to light and the electromagnetic force.
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----------------------- (1) Electric force = Charge * Field strength, F = qE = k*q1*q2/r^2
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----------------------- E = dB/dt
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----------------------- (2) Magnetic force = q * velocity * Field strength, F = qvB with charge moving at right angles to the magnetic field,
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--------------------- H = J + dE/dt
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------------------- (3) Electric current causes magnetic fields, E = rho E
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------------------- (4) There is no isolated magnetic pole, divergence, B = 0
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- These are all simple mathematical formulas. Math seems to be unreasonably effective in describing the natural reality that we live in. The real business of science is matching mathematics to measurement attempting to understand the reality of our world.
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- The emergence of unexpected knowledge forces us to develop new theories and laws to describe things as they really are. But, it is dangerous to extend theories beyond the range of our experiments that verify them. There is no “reality’ in the absence of observation.
- Enter the quantum world: An electron, it seems, simply does not have any parts. It is a fundamental particle in the make up of the universe. Electrons evidently behave like waves no matter how much you dilute them.
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- In contrast, water waves depend on many molecules of water collectively in order to behave like a wave. Electrons behave like a wave as a single particle. Waves do not follow ordinary arithmetic because waves can amplify and interfere with each other. -
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- Waves of equal amplitude can come together and combine to produce an amplitude anywhere between zero and twice the amplitude of a single wave. It all depends on the relative phase of each wave as they develop their interference pattern.
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- The energy of the wave is proportional to the amplitude squared. For the electron the quantum wave amplitude squared is the same as the “probability“. Energy is conserved only with the random superposition of waves. Waves that are not random can produce energies from zero to twice their original value.
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- Ordinary waves added with definite phases do not conserve energy (amplitude squared). Waves create local regions of energy surplus and energy deficits. When waves are randomized energy is conserved everywhere. In the same way quantum waves added with definite phase do not conserve probability everywhere.
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- The Fourier theorem states that any wave can be produced from a unique sum of individual sine waves. The little cochlea coil in your ear acts as a biological Fourier analyzer. Each location along the coil responds to a specific sine wave frequency. It is the reason why music is universally pleasing to the human ear.
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------------------------ Each attribute of an electron has a particular waveform:
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------------------------ Position - impulse wave
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----------------------- Momentum - spatial sine wave
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----------------------- Energy - temporal sine wave
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----------------------- Spin magnitude - spherical harmonic wave
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----------------------- Spin orientation - spherical harmonic wave
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- The amplitude of the quantum wave is “possibility“. The square of possibility is probability and probability is a measure of the relative number of ways a particular event is likely to happen.
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- When tested with experiment this theory matches the facts of observation, no exceptions. It has passed every test human ingenuity has devised down to the last decimal point.
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- The electron’s realm of position possibilities is simply the size of the atom, 40 billionths of a centimeter. The nucleus is 200,000 times smaller and contains 99.9 % of the atom’s mass.
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- If the nucleus were the size of our Sun, the hydrogen atom ( in its ground state ) would be 20 times larger than our solar system.
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- Considered as a wave, the electron fills the atom brim to brim. The wave is the realm of possibilities. When you push your hand against the wall, it is the atom’s possibility wave that is pushing back at you.
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- The atom itself is mostly empty space and the electron is too small to stop your hand. Possibility waves are pretty strong, huh? We as observers express actualities in a classical language while the unmeasured quantum world is represented as a superposition of possibility waves.
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- Light travels one foot in a billionth of a second, a distance bigger than a billion atoms. A single light photon from a distant star can vary from a few feet in diameter to an area the size of Texas.
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- Physicists can determine the width of a photon wave by putting parabolic mirrors on railroad boxcars, focusing the light beam into an interferometer to get an interference pattern, and moving the mirrors farther apart. At the wave boundary the pattern will disappear.
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- Betelgeuse, for example, shines a beam on Earth that is 10 feet in diameter. The Betelgeuse light photon is about the size of your hot tube when it reaches the surface of the Earth. This beam left Betelgeuse 520 years ago. The 10 feet is how far the photon drifted out of the beam during this 520 year transit time.
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- Using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle a small spread sidewise in momentum requires a compensating large spread in sideways position. This is why the photon is 10 feet wide when it gets here. However, if you go to detect or measure that photon it reveals itself as a point particle, with zero radius. The photon wave collapses to a point.
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- In contrast, the Sun’s photon wave is a small fraction of a millimeter. And, the photon wave of some very distant stars are considerably wider than the Australian continent.
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- Somehow in the quantum world the photon is a wave but when it is detected, measured by your eye or another instrument, enters the classical world only as a point particle with no known radius. The quantum world seems objective but objectless.
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- No matter what the circumstances, the photon, or any quantum atomic particle, has a realm of possibilities at least equal to Planck’s constant of action.
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-------------------- Planck’s constant of action = h = 6.625 * 10^-34 kg*m^2/second
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-------------------- Momentum = h * spatial frequency
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-------------------- Energy = h * frequency = h / wavelength
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-------------------- Spin = h * number of modal circles in the spherical harmonic wave
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- Action in physics is energy times time. One erg-second is the amount of action in a blink of an eye. One erg = 10^-7 Kg*m^2/sec^2
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--------------------- Planck’s constant = h = 6.625 * 10^-27 erg-seconds.
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- The essence of local interaction is direct contact. “Local forces” are mediated by the exchange of particles:
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----------------------------- Force ----------------------- Force Carrier
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--------------------------- Gravity graviton ( yet to be detected )
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--------------------------- Electromagnetic Force photon
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--------------------------- Strong Force gluon
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--------------------------- Weak Force weak boson
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- However, if a quantum wave phase is connected then it stays connected and becomes
“ non-local”. There remains a mechanism of instant connectedness where a single waveform is joined in a manner that is unmediated, unmitigated, and immediate (faster that the speed of light).
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- Known as Bell’s theorem of non-locality after CERN physicist John Stewart Bell. It has been demonstrated using polarized photons and spinning electrons and has yet to see contradictory evidence.
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- It is as if a bit of each particle’s phase is being lodged in the other. Each quantum particle leaves some of its phase in the other’s care, and this phase exchange connects them forever regardless how remotely separated they become.
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- The concept is called entanglement. For example, if you were a baseball pitcher pitching matched pairs of photons, meaning your light source was phase-entangled in a state of parallel polarization, one photon went to home plate and the other photon to second base. Batters at both positions would hold their bats at any particular angle. No matter where they put their bats a hit at home plate was a hit at second base. A miss was a miss.
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- This entangled phase occurs no matter how far you separate second base and home plate. You can put second base on Betelgeuse and wait a year later and the result will be both polarizations of the photons remain identical, both are hits, or both are misses.
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- The quantum world is non-local and the exchange of information is immediate, which means the information between the particles travels faster than the speed of light.
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- How is this possible? Consider this, to a physicist all matter, physical systems, is a computer. Every electron, photon, atomic particle, stores bits of data. When particles interact information content is exchanged and linked. Like the conservation of energy, quantum mechanics conserves information.
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- Entropy is proportional to the number of bits registered by the positions and the velocities of the individual particles (called qubits). A liter of matter (1 kilogram) can theoretically perform 10^51 operations per second, 10^31 bits of information can flip 10^20 times per second. Compare this to today’s computer that flips 10^9 times per second, stores 10^12 bits of information using a single processor.
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- This quantum world’s supraliminal underpinnings is almost completely concealed. The real world is in truth bound together everywhere by faster-than-light connections.
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- Even in the midst of this quantum supraliminal reality, no quantum measurement result can be connected in the classical world faster than light. These classical measurements are the only means we have to make contact with reality.
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- The very atoms of our bodies are woven out of a common supraliminal fabric. It is not necessary to believe in the supernatural for miracles, the natural is miraculous enough.
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- March 21, 2019 67
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-------------------------- Thursday, March 21, 2019 --------------------------
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