-
-
-------------------------- 2435 - CONSTANTS - the constants of nature
-
- The only Constant in the world is “change“. Well, Physics disagrees. Physics has some “Constants”. Constants that we think are the same everywhere in the Universe.
-
- There are 31 of these Constants of Nature, but 3 are especially important in adding totally new dimensions to our understanding of the Universe. These are the constants of gravity, the speed of light, and the quantum, as in Quantum Mechanics.
-
- As an illustrations of Constants of Nature let’s start with pi. Every circle, everywhere, always has a diameter and a circumference that is pi times that diameter. Pi is about 3.14. It is a unitless number. It is also an irrational number.
-
- Rational Real Numbers are integers. Irrational Real Numbers are fractions whose decimals neither terminate nor eventually repeat. So, pi is approximately 3.14. Actually, it is a constant number that “ goes on forever “.
-
-------------------------- Pi = 3.141716254254.……… ………………………
-
- Archimedes calculated that pi lay between 223/71 and 220/70 about 250 B.C. In 1603 pi was calculated to 10 decimal places, a record at the time. In 1768 Johann Lambert proved mathematically pi to be an irrational number.
-
- In 1873 pi was calculated to 707 decimal places by hand, except the mathematician made a mistake at the 528th decimal point and all that followed was wrong. In 2002 Japanese scientists using computers calculated pi to 1.24 trillion decimal places. This number is never ending and getting us off track.
-
- The point is the number pi is constant, to whatever accuracy we are able to calculate it. Every circle, everywhere, always has a geometry dictated by the constant number pi.
-
- In 1687 Isaac Newton defined the laws of motion for all objects. Objects in motion with constant velocity have no net force acting on them. Objects at rest or in constant motion are in their natural state. The force that changes an objects constant velocity is equal to its mass times its acceleration (F = m*a).
-
- The greater the mass the greater the force needed to accelerate it. For every force of action there is an equal and opposite force of reaction (F1 = -F2). For all of these laws to work we can assume the three Constants of Nature to be zero.
-
- Newton’s laws of motion contained the measurement of distance and time (dx & dt), and their ratio, constant velocity ( The first derivative v = dx/dt). The rate of change of velocity is acceleration (The second derivative a = d^2x/ dt^2). These are the elements of space and time but they do not consider the effects of gravity, velocity near the speed of light, or quanta. Therefore,
-
--------------------------- G = 0, 1/c = 0, h = 0.
-
- Then Newton added his 4th law of gravity and introduced the constant G as a Constant of Gravity. He assumed that gravity would be the same everywhere in the Universe. The Force of Gravity is equal to the Natural Constant, G, times the product of the masses and the inverse of the square of the distance between them.
-------------------------- F = G * m1*m2 / d^2
-
- In 1798 Henry Cavendish performed the first experiment to determine an accurate calculation for G. Henry constructed a delicate torsion balance, suspending a light rod on a one yard length of wire. At the ends of the light rod were 2 inch diameter lead balls.
-
- Henry calibrated this torsion balance with tiny forces at right angles to the rod to twist the wire. Then he brought two larger lead balls, 8 inches in diameter, almost in contact with the smaller lead balls.
-
- The gravitational force between the two masses produced a twist in the wire. The angle of the amount of twist allowed Henry to calculate a force of:
----------------------------------- 1 / 2,000,000kilogram meter / second^2.
-
- He knew the masses and the distances between their centers.
-
-------------------------- Calculating G = R*d^2/m1*m2,
-
-------------------------- Henry got G = .000000000667 m^3/kg*sec^2. A very tiny value.
-
-------------------------- G = 6.673 * 10^-11 m^3 / kg * sec^2
-
- Newton’s calculation of the Force of Gravity does not consider the speed of light or the quantum of action, known as Planck’s Constant (h). But he did add the first dimension of gravity,
-
--------------------------- G = 6.7*10^-11, 1/c = 0, h = 0.
-
- In 1905 Einstein came up with a refinement to Newton’s law of gravity and described it in terms of curved space and time relative to the speed of light being a constant, not to be exceeded, and the same for all observers, regardless of their velocity. The speed of light is a constant everywhere in the Universe, always,
-
-------------------------- C = 299,792,458 meters per second.
-
--------------------------- In order to make this constant a small number, like gravity, the reciprocal = 1/c = 3.335640952 * 10^-9 m/sec
-
- His 1905 “Special” Theory of Relativity considered bodies in constant motion and did not consider gravity.
-
---------------------------------- G = 0, 1/c = 3.3*10^-9, h = 0.
-
- In 1915 Einstein improved on his equations with the “General” Theory of Relativity which considered bodies in constant acceleration and added the dimension of gravity.
-
- Now we have two dimensions in our Constants of Nature,
-
---------------------------- G =6 .7*10^-11, 1/c = 3.3*10^-9, h = 0.
-
- In 1915 Max Planck added the quantum as the smallest element of energy that can be observed in Nature. He did not consider the effect of gravity or the speed of light.
-
- The smallest unit of energy, or unit of action, h = 6.63 * 10^-34 kg*m^2 /sec^2.
-
- It is essentially the unit of energy of a single wavelength of the photon. The energy of the radiation is this constant unit times the frequency of the radiation (E = h*f).
-
----------------------------- G = 0, 1/c = 0, h = 6.6 * 10^-34
-
- In 2006 we are still missing equations that tie all three of these Natural Constants together. If we can tie Newton’s Gravity laws and Einstein’s Relativity laws and Planck’s Quantum Mechanics together we will have the Theory of Everything. Who can come up with the equation that has all three of these Natural Constants in it?
-
----------------------- G =6.7*10^-11, 1/c = 3.3*10^-9, h = 6.6 * 10^-34 .
-
- Note that these are all very small numbers:
-
-------------------------- G = .000000000067 meters cubed / kilogram * second squared
-
-------------------------- 1/c = .0000000033 second squared / meter squared
-
-------------------------- H = .00000000000000000000000000000000066 kilogram 8 meter squared / second squared.
-
- It is possible to arrange these three constants in equations that define the boundary of applications of our current theories in Physics.
-
-------------------------- Planck mass = (h*c/G)^.5 = 5.56 * 10^-8 kilograms
-
-------------------------- Planck length = (G*h/c^3)^.5 = 4.13 * 10^-35 meters
-
-------------------------- Planck time = (G*h/c^5)^.5 = 1.38 * 10^-43 seconds
-
-------------------------- Planck temperature = (h*c^5/G) = 3.5*10^32 Kelvin
-
-------------------------- Boltzmann’s constant is used to convert energy into temperature.
-
------------------------- Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 * 10^-23 kg8m^2/sec^2 * Kelvin.
-
- (See Review #377 for math calculations for these above Planck parameters.)
-
- Planck Time is the smallest unit of time. This is the first tick when time and space began with the Big Bang. A Planck unit of time is the time it would take a photon traveling at the speed of light to cross the distance of a Planck length.
-
------------ t = d / v, 4.13*10^35 meters * 2.998*10^8 meters/second = 1.38 *10^43 seconds.
-
- The Universe is 10^60 Planck seconds old. Life on Earth did not appear until 10^59 Planck seconds.
-
- Planck Temperature is the hottest temperature attained at the start of the Big Bang. From that first moment the Universe has been cooling down. Today we see it as 2.735 Kelvin (- 270 Centigrade), or Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation at 400 Gigahertz.
-
- In the old days you could tune your analog television in between stations and you would see this microwave radiation as random “snow” on the screen.
-
- There are 10^79 electrons in the Universe and 10^88 photons. There are a billion photons for every electron.
-
- Other Reviews available:
-
- (1) See Review #619 - Are our Natural Constants Changing?
-
- (2) See Review #599 - Fine Structure Constant.
-
- (3) See Review #377 - The Constants of Nature are Changing.
-
- August 21, 2019 643
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
--------------------- Wednesday, August 21, 2019 --------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No comments:
Post a Comment