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- -------------------------- 2433 - DARK MATTER and Black Holes
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- We are incorporating Einstein’s theory of relativity and we are using the world’s fastest computers to do the calculations. These new tools came together recently when astronomers witnessed the collision of two galaxies that occurred 100 million years ago, about the time dinosaurs ruled the Earth. When matter and dark matter in these two galaxies collided different things happen to each.
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- For matter the intergalactic gas and dust acts as a wind resistance that slows its movement. However, Dark Matter does not experience the same type of drag due to the gas clouds. Dark Matter does not seem to interact with any force other than gravity. So, the collision separates matter and Dark Matter.
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- When matter and Dark Matter are close together the invisible substance can not be distinguished. But, we know more mass is there because the laws of gravity say that the outskirts of the galaxies should rotate more slowly than those towards the center. The only way for the laws of gravity to give us the answer we observe is to add 90% more matter to the equation. We can not see what is causing this gravity, so, we call it Dark Matter.
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- With this galaxy collision the astronomers now have matter and Dark Matter separated. The astronomers used gravitational lensing to map the matter and found that most of the mass was in clumps that appeared to have whizzed past the hot gas clouds with no resistance. These astronomers believe that this is “direct evidence” that Dark Matter exists. This invisible material represents 90% of the gravity that is in the Universe.
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- These astronomers are putting this new data into their computer simulations that model the birth of the Universe. This supercomputer contains 25 million megabytes of data. It solves 12,000 equations over and over again starting with the birth of the Universe as random, subatomic ripples in density. Their model gives evidence suggesting that over billions of years gravity amplified these ripples to produce the clusters of galaxies seen today.
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- In addition to Dark Matter astronomers have collected evidence that 70% of the Universe contains a Dark Energy that is accelerating the expansion of the Universe as a form of anti-gravity.
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- The computer model simulations confirm this view of the Universe leaving Dark Matter and ordinary matter to account for 25% and 5% of the Universe. The 5% is what we see. That leaves 95% of the Universe “dark” to us using our eyes and the technology currently available.
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- Using this publicly available computer model astronomers can experiment with many different Big Bang scenarios to see if the Universe we observe comes out of their data and the equations. The new observed data is always being inputted as well as the equations using Einstein’s theory of relativity to modify Newton’s laws of gravity.
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- The model suggests that each core of massive galaxies contains a super massive black hole. And, that is what current observations are also seeing. The universe evolves so slowly from the point of view of us humans that what we see appear as still images.
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- But, something happened over the last 13,700,000,000 years to get us to this point we are observing. Just as the blowing wind that we cannot see moves the leaves to tell us it is there, the motions of ordinary matter in the cosmos betray the gravitational pull of Dark Matter and the expansion push of Dark Energy.
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- Another method measures the bending of light passing by the galaxy, then measures how much ordinary matter is there that we can see, then the astronomers infer how much Dark Matter is also there.
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- What Dark Matter is actually made of is anyone’s guess. But, the most popular guess by the experts is that it is composed of unknown subatomic particles with exotic properties. Particle physicists are busy trying to find such particles in their particle accelerators that create the highest energies here on Earth.
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- The galaxies create particle accelerators many times greater than we can create. Around Blackholes at the center of galaxies are super-hot atoms in plasma form. Plasma is the forth form of matter: solid, liquid, gas, then plasma.
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- The plasma is so hot it emits X-rays that astronomers can detect. This gets astronomers into the frontiers of atomic physics. They are using super computers to calculate the temperature levels of high-temperature atoms ranging from carbon to iron.
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- The astronomers measure the light spectrum of each element. With the element iron they find the Iron-K-alpha line that appears to broaden for X-rays emanating from the center of active galaxies. They are using Einstein’s theory of relativity to try and understand why the K-alpha line is broadening.
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- Astronomers believe the explanation will represent the fact that a super massive Blackhole exists at the center of the galaxy. This is another evidence for the existence of Blackholes that we also can not see.
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- Seeing is believing, or, is it that believing is seeing?
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- August 19, 2019. 692
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--------------------- Monday, August 19, 2019 -------------------------
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