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-------------------- 2597 - BIG BANG - how it all started?
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- This Review is about what some of these scientists are thinking about how the Universe got started. They come up with fancy names for their theories but don’t let that dissuade you. When it comes to these subjects you are just as smart as they are. We all are trying to learn how we got here.
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- Trying to understand the earliest eras in the history of the universe uses techniques from an area of modern physics called “loop quantum cosmology“. This is extending analyses to include quantum physics farther back in time than ever before, all the way to the beginning.
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- Before the Earth first formed, before the solar system began orbiting the center of our galaxy, before all the galaxy formed and started to separate into the void of space, before all the atoms and elements came out of the quark and electron soup, when everything was compressed into a single ball the size of an atom: Now is when the universe must be described with math and with physics that we do not yet quite understand.
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- The new attempt to understanding is called of “loop quantum origins”. This model shows that the large-scale structures we now see in the universe evolved from fundamental fluctuations in the essential quantum nature of "space-time," which existed even at the very beginning of the universe that occurred 14 billion years ago.
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- We humans always have yearned to understand more about the origin and evolution of our universe. This new theory provides a conceptual and mathematical framework for describing the exotic "quantum-mechanical geometry of space-time" in the very early universe.
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- The model shows that, during this early era, the universe was compressed to such unimaginable densities that its behavior was ruled not by the classical physics of Einstein's general theory of relativity, but by an even more fundamental theory that also incorporates the strange dynamics of “quantum mechanics“.
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- At that time the density of matter was huge then 1094 grams per cubic centimeter, as compared with the density of an atomic nucleus today, which is only 1014 grams.
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- In this bizarre quantum-mechanical environment, where one can speak only of probabilities of events rather than certainties, physical properties naturally would be vastly different from the way we experience them today. Among these differences, are the concept of "time," as well as the changing dynamics of various systems over time as they experience the fabric of quantum geometry itself.
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- No space observatories have been able to detect anything as long ago and far away as the very early eras of the universe described by the new paradigm. But a few observatories have come close. Cosmic background radiation has been detected in an era when the universe was only 380,000 years old.
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- By that time, after a period of rapid expansion called "inflation," the universe had burst out into a much diluted version of its earlier super compressed shell. At the beginning of inflation, the density of the universe was a trillion times less than during its infancy, so quantum factors now are much less important in ruling the large scale dynamics of matter and geometry.
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- Observations of the cosmic background radiation show that the universe had a predominantly uniform consistency after inflation, except for a light sprinkling of some regions that were more dense and others that were less dense.
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- The standard inflationary model for describing the early universe, which uses the classical physics equations of Einstein, and treats space-time as a smooth continuum. The inflationary paradigm enjoys remarkable success in explaining the observed features of the cosmic background radiation.
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- however, this model is incomplete. It retains the idea that the universe burst forth from nothing in a Big Bang, which naturally results from the inability of the paradigm's general-relativity physics to describe extreme quantum-mechanical situations.
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- Physics needs a quantum theory of gravity, like “loop quantum cosmology“, to go beyond Einstein in order to capture the true physics near the origin of the universe.
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- Loop quantum cosmology expands the concept of the Big Bang with the intriguing concept of a Big Bounce, which allows the possibility that our universe emerged not from nothing but from a super compressed mass of matter that previously may have had a history of its own.
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- When scientists use the inflation model together with Einstein's equations to model the evolution of the seed like areas sprinkled throughout the cosmic background radiation, they find that the irregularities serve as seeds that evolve over time into the galaxy clusters and other large-scale structures that we see in the universe today.
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- With these quantum cosmology equations, scientists found that fundamental fluctuations in the very nature of space at the moment of the Big Bounce evolve to become the seed like structures seen in the cosmic microwave background.
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- This study shows that the initial conditions at the very beginning of the universe naturally lead to the large scale structure of the universe that we observe today. In human terms, it is like taking a snapshot of a baby right at birth and then being able to project from it an accurate profile of how that person will be at age 100.
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- The genesis of the cosmic structure of our universe from the inflationary epoch all the way to the Big Bounce, covering some 11 orders of magnitude in the density of matter and the curvature of space-time. We now have narrowed down the initial conditions that could exist at the Big Bounce, plus we find that the evolution of those initial conditions agrees with observations of the cosmic background radiation.
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- This widely-accepted theory of cosmic inflation states that our universe expanded rapidly in the moments after its birth, resulting in the immense expanse we see today.
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- Cosmic inflation explains why the universe is billions of years old, as well as why the universe is nearly flat. The research found that while inflation isn't the only viable model of the early universe, other possibilities would require strange physics, such as a speed of sound faster than the speed of light.
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- There are only three kinds of early universe theories that can explain the distribution of matter in today's universe, assuming that the standard theory of gravity is correct and that the universe was expanding in early times.
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- According to the physicists' calculations, viable early universe theories must incorporate either an accelerated cosmic expansion (inflation); a speed of sound faster than the speed of light; or energies so high that scientists would need to invoke a theory of quantum gravity such as string theory, which predicts the existence of extra dimensions of space-time.
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- The takeaway result here is that this idea of inflation turns out to be the only way to do it within the context of standard physics. It may well be that you can come up with a speed of sound faster than the speed of light.
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- Cosmic inflation accounts for the distribution of the matter in the universe by incorporating quantum field theory, which states that under "normal" circumstances, particles of matter and something called antimatter can pop into existence suddenly , before meeting and annihilating each other almost instantly.
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- According to cosmic inflation, materializing pairs of matter and antimatter particles flew apart so quickly in the rapidly expanding early universe that they did not have time to recombine. The same principle applied to gravitons and antigravitons, which form gravity waves.
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- These particles became the basis of all structure in the universe today, with tiny fluctuations in the matter in the universe collapsing to form stars, planets and galaxies. The concept relies on widely studied ideas to explain how the universe began and evolved.
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- The very early universe may have had just one spatial dimension before expanding to include two, and then three and possibly four . A new model would fall under the category of theories invoking quantum gravity
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- See for many more Reviews available upon request:
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- 2547 - Big Bang recreated I the laboratory.
- 2546 - Total history Big Bang to today
- 2499 - First creations.
- 2484 - How do we know what happened?
- 2454 - What do we think happened?
- 2440 - Big Bang to today?
- 2392 - The origins of existence?
- 2360 - The primeval atom?
- 2352 - The birth of the Universe?
- 2248 - From the Big Bang and back again?
- 2242 - How can we understand the Big Bang? This Review lists 11 more reviews about the Big Bang.
- 2196 - The age of the Universe.
- 2146 - Astronomy is seeing history.
- 2118 - History of energy in the Universe?
- 2074 - Much to do about nothing.
- 2065 - The big Bang antimatter mystery?
- 1983 - Problems with the Big Bang theory?
- 1682 - Birth of the observable universe?
- 1242 - How does spacetime change at the micro level? The uncertainty fluctuations remain wavy at the micro level and inversely proportional to the time resolutions of our measurements. The more we learn we find the less we know.
- 1241 - How can space and time be related?
- 1258 - How much space is in our Solar System?
- 1128 - Evidence that supports the theory?
- 1127 - Questions about the theory?
- 1006 - Is time slowing down?
- 854 - Time, GPS, and entropy?
- 842 - Pressed for time?
- 814 - Fast speed and short time? What are the limits?
- 784 - Time is what God created to keep everything from happening all at once.
- 712 - Meet the primeval atom?
- 402 - How the Universe began?
- 392 - Time dilation using the Pythagorean Theorem.
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- All available upon request.
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- January 28, 2020 2597
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--------------------- Tuesday, January 28, 2020 --------------------
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