- 2869 - EARTH - waster, water everywhere? There remains a number of mysteries on our planet including the elusive origin of the blue water on the Earth. Scientists have found the interstellar organic matter could produce an abundant supply of water by heating, suggesting that “organic matter” could be the source of terrestrial water.
--------------------------- 2869 - EARTH - waster, water everywhere?
- Over 100,000,000,000 humans have existed here on planet Earth, over 7,000,000,000,000 are alive today ( that is 7%).
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- Just over 500 of them have entered space, but only three of them have witnessed with their own eyes a full view of the Earth. They were the crew onboard Apollo 17, one of them took this image on the way to the moon at a distance of 29,000 kilometers from home.
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- The Sun was in the correct position at the time for the earth to show up as a complete sphere.
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- The Blue Marble Earth image must be the most reproduced photograph ever taken.
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- There remains a number of mysteries on our planet including the elusive origin of the blue water on the Earth.
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- Scientists have found the interstellar organic matter could produce an abundant supply of water by heating, suggesting that organic matter could be the source of terrestrial water.
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- Active studies suggested that terrestrial water had been delivered by icy comets or meteorites containing hydrous silicates that came from outside the "snow line", the boundary beyond which ice can condense due the low temperatures.
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- More recent studies, however, have provided observations opposing to comet origin theory, yet still failing to suggest plausible substitutions for the source of terrestrial water. Much less attention has been paid to organic matter, comparing to ices and silicates, even though there is an abundance inside the snow line.
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- However, heating of the interstellar organic matter at high temperature could yield abundant water and oil. This suggests that water could be produced inside the snow line, without any contribution of comets or meteorites delivered from outside the snow line.
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- Researchers have made an analog of organic matter in interstellar molecular clouds using chemical reagents. To make the analog, they referred to analytical data of interstellar organics made by irradiating UV on a mixture containing H2O, CO, and NH3, which mimicked its natural synthetic process.
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- Next, they gradually heated the organic matter analog from 24 to 400 degrees under a pressured condition in a diamond anvil cell. The sample was uniform until 100 degrees, but was separated into two phases at 200 degrees. At approximately 350 degrees, the formation of water droplets became evident and the sizes of the droplets increased as the temperature rose. At 400 degrees, in addition to water droplets, black oil was produced.
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- The group conducted similar experiments with larger amounts of organic matter, which also yielded “water and oil“. Their analysis of absorption spectra revealed that the main component of the aqueous product was pure water. Chemical analysis of produced oil showed similar characteristics to the typical crude oil found beneath the earth.
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- Results show that the interstellar organic matter inside the snow line is a potential source of water on the earth. The “abiotic oil” formation observed suggests more extensive sources of petroleum for the ancient Earth than previously thought.
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- Future analyses of organic matter in samples from the asteroid Ryugu, which the Japan's asteroid explorer Hayabusa2 will bring back later this year, should advance our understanding of the origin of terrestrial water.
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- The habitability of a planet depends on many factors, not just oil and water. Another is the existence of a strong and long-lived magnetic field. These fields are generated thousands of kilometers below the planet’s surface in its liquid core and extend far into space, shielding the atmosphere from harmful solar radiation.
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- Without a strong magnetic field, a planet struggles to hang on to a breathable atmosphere, which is bad news for life as we know it. The Moon’s now extinct magnetic field may have helped protect our planet’s atmosphere as life was forming around 4 billion years ago.
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- Today, Earth has a strong global magnetic field that protects the atmosphere and low orbiting satellites from harsh solar radiation. In contrast, the Moon does not possess either a breathable atmosphere or a global magnetic field.
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- Global magnetic fields are generated by the motion of molten iron in the cores of planets and moons. Keeping the fluid moving requires energy, such as heat trapped within the core. When there is insufficient energy, the field dies.
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- Without a global magnetic field, the charged particles of the solar wind, radiation from the Sun, passing close to a planet generate electric fields that can accelerate charged atoms, known as ions, out of the atmosphere.
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- This process is happening today on Mars and it is losing oxygen as a result, something that has been directly measured by the ‘Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (Maven) mission. The solar wind can also collide with the atmosphere and knock molecules into space.
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- The Maven team estimates that the amount of oxygen lost from the Martian atmosphere throughout its history is equivalent to that contained in a global layer of water, 23 meters thick.
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- Probing ancient magnetic fields new research investigates how the Earth’s and Moon’s early fields may have interacted. Scientists rely on ancient rocks that contain small grains that got magnetized as the rocks formed, saving the direction and strength of the magnetic field at that time and place. Such rocks are rare and extracting their magnetic signal requires careful and delicate laboratory measurement.
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- Our Moon, four billion years ago generated its own magnetic field. Studies have unveiled that Earth has generated a magnetic field for at least the last 3.5 billion years, and possibly as far back as 4.2 billion years, with a mean strength just over half of the present-day value.
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- By contrast, the Moon’s field was perhaps even stronger than Earth’s around 4 billion years ago, before precipitously declining to a weak field state by 3.2 billion years ago. At present, little is known about the structure or time-variability of these ancient magnetic fields.
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- Another complexity is the interaction between the early lunar and geomagnetic fields. Models of the interaction of two magnetic fields with north poles either aligned or opposite, shows that the interaction extends the region of near Earth space between our planet and the Sun that is shielded from the solar wind.
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- A strong magnetic field does not guarantee the continued habitability of a planet’s atmosphere, its surface and deep interior environments matter too, as do influences from space. The brightness and activity of the Sun has evolved over billions of years and so has the ability of the solar wind to strip atmospheres.
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- How each of these factors contributes to the evolution of planetary habitability, and hence life, is still not fully understood. Their nature and how they interact with each other are also likely to change over geological timescales.
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- We still have a lot more to learn how we got here and how you are able to read this. This study has added another piece to an already fascinating puzzle. Stay tuned!
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----------------------------------- Other reviews on this subject:
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- 2486 - EARTH - Third Rock from the Sun. The Sun’s energy itself is changing in its light energy. It has several cycles of its own , “Could Our Sun Be a Variable Star?” . Today we are considered to be in a normal warming trend. Global warming is claimed to be exacerbating this warming trend with human burning of fossil fuels and putting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
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- 2441 - EARTH - an Amazing Place? These are interesting facts about Mother Earth. Some are so amazing they are hard to comprehend. You lucked out! The hottest on Earth occurred September 13, 1922 when it was 136 F in El Azizia, Libya.
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- 2383 - EARTH - measurements from the Ice Satellite. Satellites are busy measuring the elevations around the Earth with great precision. More than a trillion new measurements of Earth's height have been made from glaciers in Greenland, to mangrove forests in Florida, to sea ice surrounding Antarctica
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- 2033 - The Earth is doomed. Also lists 10 more reviews about the Earth, an amazing place to live.
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- 1785 - Earth from Space Station. How many times does the Earth rotate while making a single orbit around the Sun?
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- 1721 - Closest stars and more perfect Earth’s? A star just 7 lightyears away was newly discovered. Our Earth is right at the edge of a habitable planet. There are more life friendly habitable zones for planets around other stars.
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- 1401 - 2 Satellites are making a gravity map of the Earth and finding that our groundwater is disappearing. In March 2002 science launched 2 satellites. 310 miles up, one following the other by 140 miles. There was a precision microwave transmitter and receiver installed that linked the two together to precisely measure the distance between them. The accuracy of the range measurement was to within 10 micrometers, 0.001 centimeters.
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- 1295 - how the Earth was formed? Nostalgia ain’t what it used to be and the night sky is not what you see. What you see is a lot younger that what is. The light you see left years ago, thousands, millions, even billions of years ago depending on what you are looking at. What it is today is totally different but you are prevented from seeing it because the light has not reached us yet
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- 1256 - Why Do I Have Earthquake Insurance? The Pacific Tectonic plate has been moving lately. Chile received an 8.8 Magnitude in February, Christchurch, New Zealand a 6.3 in February, Japan a 9.0 in March. Earthquakes appear to occur in bunches since 1900. Here is a review of record and predictions for the future.
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- 1190 - thank your children for all the resource you consume.
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- 537 - the Garden of Eden
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- 511 - the density of the Earth?
- 382 “Could Our Sun Be a Variable Star?”
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- 381“ Our Closest Star”
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- 533 “ Why the Sun will become a White Dwarf”
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- October 20, 2020 2869
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--------------------- --- Wednesday, October 21, 2020 ---------------------------
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