- 3146 - GALAXIES - millions more discovered ? In the universe, galaxies are distributed along extremely tenuous filaments of gas millions of light years long separated by voids, forming the cosmic web. Astronomers have captured an image of several filaments in the early universe, revealing the unexpected presence of billions of dwarf galaxies in the filaments.
- ----------------- 3146 - GALAXIES - millions more discovered ?
- Although the filaments of gas in which galaxies are born have long been predicted by cosmological models, we have so far had no real images of such objects. Now for the first time, several filaments of the 'cosmic web' have been directly observed using the MUSE instrument installed on ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile.
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- MUSE, which stands for Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, is a 3D spectrograph designed to explore the distant Universe.
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- These observations of the early Universe, 1 to 2 billion years after the Big Bang, point to the existence of a multitude of unsuspected dwarf galaxies.
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- The filamentary structure of hydrogen gas in which galaxies form, known as the cosmic web, is one of the major predictions of the model of the Big Bang and of galaxy formation.
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- All that was known about the web was limited to a few specific regions, particularly in the direction of quasars, whose powerful radiation acts like car headlights, revealing gas clouds along the line of sight. However, these regions are poorly representative of the whole network of filaments where most galaxies, including our own, were born.
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- Direct observation of the faint light emitted by the gas making up the filaments was an unexpected astronomy achievement.
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- By pointing ESO's Very Large Telescope, equipped with the MUSE instrument coupled to the telescope's adaptive optics system, at a single region of the sky for over 140 hours. Together, the two instruments form one of the most powerful systems in the world.
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- The region selected forms part of the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, which was until now the deepest image of the cosmos ever obtained. However, Hubble has now been surpassed, since 40% of the galaxies discovered by MUSE have no counterpart in the Hubble images.
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- After meticulous planning, it took eight months to carry out this exceptional observing campaign. This was followed by a year of data processing and analysis, which for the first time revealed light from the hydrogen filaments, as well as images of several filaments as they were one to two billion years after the Big Bang, a key period for understanding how galaxies formed from the gas in the cosmic web.
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- The biggest surprise for the team was when simulations showed that the light from the gas came from an invisible population of billions of dwarf galaxies spawning a host of stars.
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- Until now, theory predicted that the light came from the diffuse cosmic ultraviolet background radiation (very weak background radiation produced by all the galaxies and stars) which, by heating the gas in the filaments, causes them to glow.
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- Although these galaxies are too faint to be detected individually with current instruments, their existence will have major consequences for galaxy formation models, with implications that scientists are only just beginning to explore.
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- You astronomy students need to get to work.
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- May 3, 2021 GALAXIES - millions more discovered? 3146
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