- 3160 - SUPERNOVAE - are what we are made of! Supernovae, stars that explode when they can no longer continue fusion radiation, are rare events. In the Observable Universe the event happens every second. We are living in and made of star dust and gas. When you look at the night sky and see those stars say “ that is where I came from”.
------------------------ 3160 - SUPERNOVAE - are what we are made of!
- There are 100 billion galaxies, with 100 billion stars each. That is 10^22 stars that represent all the lifetimes of stars. That is more stars that all the grains of sand on the beaches of the planet Earth.
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- These are the same stars that have created the calcium in your bones, the iron in your blood, the potassium in your nerves. The iron in your blood could contain atoms that are 8 billion years old.
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- When the cores of stars create fusion up to iron and nickel they stop radiating pressure against gravity. These two are the heaviest elements that are created with an excess of energy after fusion. Heavier elements are still created by immense gravity pressure by their fusion absorbs energy rather than releasing it. Therefore, the star continues to collapse into its core creating the 87 heavy elements.
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- When massive stars collapse to their core the collapse rebounds into a massive explosion. A “supernova“. The heavy elements that were created get spread out across the cosmos. These elements become the interstellar medium that in turn creates the next generation stars. What is left behind at the core is a neutron star, or, a Blackhole.
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- Supernovae explosions are so bright they have been seen by astronomers that are 12 billion lightyears away. The only brighter explosion is called a Gamma Ray Burst that pointing directly at us is 13 billion lightyears away. That is from a Blackhole that is exists only 700 million years after the Big Bang.
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- On March 19, 2008, 11:13 Pacific Time, looking at the Constellation Bootes you could have seen a Gamma Ray Burst with the naked eye. It was a Burst of X-rays and Gamma Rays but also visible light rays of magnitude 5.3. The bright light lasted for 50 seconds before diminishing.
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- GRB080319B was 7.5 billion lightyears away. At the time it was the farthest thing a human eye has ever seen. The polar jet of the Burst was aimed directly at us. The Blackhole the created the Burst was born over 2 billion years before our Sun was born.
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- Supernovae have been observed before the exploded thanks to archived records of the sky. Novae are less bright than supernovae and occur when a smaller star transfers matter into a White Dwarf star that are in a binary system. RS Ophiuchi is a binary system that goes Nova every 20 years.
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- Using spectrographs to detect the elements in a supernova explosion have defined two types of supernovae:
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--------------- Type I Supernovae have little evidence of hydrogen
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--------------- Type II Supernovae have an abundance of hydrogen in their explosion.
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- There are 3 sources of energy in the rapidly expanding gas of a supernovae:
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------------------ (1) Radioactive decay of freshly synthesized elements, Nickel-56.
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------------------ (2) The expanding shockwave heating the stars hydrogen atmosphere.
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------------------ (3) The interaction between the ejecta and the hydrogen gas.
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- There are sub categories of Types I and II supernovae: Type Ia is the brightest due to its abundance of radioactive elements. The explosion involves the total destruction of the White Dwarf Star.
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- Our Sun is not massive enough to become a supernova. When it exhausts its hydrogen fuel in 10 billion years it will fuse helium into carbon and oxygen and then stop. There is no more mass left to provide the gravity to continue the fusion process.
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- More massive stars do not end their fusion process, carbon and oxygen fuse into neon , silicon, iron-nickel. Once a star sues iron further fusion absorbs energy rather than releasing energy. The star collapses to the core and rebounds into a supernova explosion.
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- Gamma Ray Bursts occur about once a day in the Observable Universe. These are flashes of energy peaking in the Gamma-Ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Short Bursts lasting a few seconds are created when Neutron Stars merge.
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- Long Bursts lasting minutes are the mergers into Blackholes. The Gamma -Ray Burst that was detected September 16, 2008, was 12.2 lightyears away. Gamma Rays are particles not rays, though the misnomer has stuck, were traveling 99.9999 percent the speed of light.
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- Here is how the different supernovae are identified by their light spectrum:
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---------------------------------- Hydrogen -------- Helium --------- Silicon -----------
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-------------- Type I ------------- No ------------- No --------------- No -----------
-------------- Type Ia ------------ No ------------- No --------------- Yes -----------
-------------- Type Ib ------------ No ------------- Yes -------------- No -----------
-------------- Type Ic ------------ No ------------- No --------------- No -----------
-------------- Type II ------------ Yes ------------- No --------------- No -----------
-------------- Type IIb ----------- Yes ------------ Yes -------------- No -----------
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- The supernovae debris from these explosions ends up in an interstellar dark cloud that condenses further into nebulae like the Orion Nebula that are star factories of the next generation stars.
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- The density of the Orion Nebula is only equivalent to 150,000,000 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. We are living in one of the densest parts of the Universe when measure the density of gases and the interstellar medium. The Earth atmosphere contains the equivalent of 7.5*10^26 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.
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------------------------- Density = Mass / Volume
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------------------------ Mass of Earth’s atmosphere = 5.1*10^18 kilograms
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------------------------ Volume of Earth’s atmosphere = 4.2*10^18 meters^3
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----------------------- Density = 1.21 kg / m^3
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---------------------- Hydrogen atom = 1.6*10^-27 kilograms
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---------------------- Density of Earth’s atmosphere = 0.76*10^27 H/m^3
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- Comparing densities across the gaseous cosmos:
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---------------------- Density of Earth’s atmosphere ==== 0.76*10^27 H/m^3
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---------------------- Red Supergiant Betelgeuse ========= 1.1*10^25
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---------------------- Surface of the Sun =============== 1.3*10^23
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---------------------- Atmosphere of the Moon =========== 3.3*10^15
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---------------------- Solar Corona =================== 6.2*10^13
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---------------------- Interstellar Dark Cloud ============ 1.2*10^11
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---------------------- Orion Nebula =================== 1.5*10^8
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---------------------- Solar Wind inside Earth orbit ======= 20,000,000
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---------------------- Milky Way Galaxy =============== 81,000
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---------------------- Van Allen Radiation Belts =========== 53
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- We are living in and made of star dust and gas. When you look at the night sky and see those stars say “ that is where I came from”. We have watched the wobble of these stars in our Galaxy and found 4,000 other planets to date. There are many more.
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- Is there anyone anywhere else saying the same thing, “ that is where I came from”. An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.------------------ Other reviews available:
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- 3159 - SUPERNOVA - why do stars explode? Astronomers have problems explaining how the supernova explosion actually occurs. A theory is that the explosion happens because of sound waves? That is what computer simulations are telling astronomers today. All the math remains to be worked out, but, computer simulations are getting closer to the observations they see in supernova explosions.
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- 3013 - SUPERNOVA - one explosion nearby? At that same time, there was also an extinction event on Earth, called the “Pliocene marine mega fauna” extinction. Up to a third of the large marine species on Earth were wiped out at the time, most of them living in shallow coastal waters.
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- 2997 - SUPERNOVA - gold forged in exploding stars? - Astronomers are winding back the clock on the expanding remains of a nearby, exploded star. By using our Hubble Space Telescope, they retraced the speedy shrapnel from the blast to calculate a more accurate estimate of the location and time of the exploding star.
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- 2650 - SUPERNOVAE - are what we are made of! - Supernovae, stars that explode when they can no longer continue fusion radiation, are rare events. They are likely to happen only once per year in our Milky Way Galaxy. But, in the Observable Universe the event happens every second.
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- 2649 - SUPERNOVA - the runaway universe? Nuclear fusion will occur when a star’s central temperature reaches 10,000,000 degrees. The collisions of the atoms are so rapid at that temperature that all electrons are stripped away from their nucleus. And, nuclei collide to such an extent as to overcome the repulsive electric force of their mutual positive charges.
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- 2648 - SUPERNOVA - what is the youngest? A supernova normally goes off in a galaxy every 50 to 100 years. However, we have not seen one in several hundred years. It could be that they are going off and they are out of sight. The last one astronomers had recorded for the Milky Way is Cassiopeia A. It went supernova 330 years ago, that would be in 1678.
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- 2646 - SUPERNOVAE - how life is being created? Betelgeuse is still deep in the red supergiant phase of its life. Even though it has dimmed significantly of recent, it isn’t on the verge of exploding.
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- May 16, 2021 SUPERNOVAE - we are made of? 1566 3160
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--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
--------------------- --- Sunday, May 16, 2021 ---------------------------
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