- 3185 - MASS - increases with velocity? This review is about the factor by which light speed increases mass, contracts length in space, and slows down time. Nothing could be stranger:
- --------------------------- 3185 - MASS - increases with velocity?
- The strong pull of gravity around a massive object like our Sun, or a galaxy, produces curvature in the nearby spacetime. When light or radio waves pass nearby the path of light follows the curvature and is bent from a straight line.
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- The amount of bending has been recently measured by the Very Long Baseline Array radio telescope into the precision of one part in 30,000. These measurements were first attempted in 1910 during a solar eclipse starlight from a distant star was bent as it passed by the edge of the Sun shifting the apparent position of the star. The measurements made then were thought to have proven Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. The formula for the measurement is called, “Gamma”.
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---------------- (Gamma)^2 = 1 / 1 - v^2 /c^2
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-------------- where: “v” is the relative velocity
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----------------------- “c” is the velocity of light.
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- According to this formula the space curvature and gravitational light bending for radio waves traveling the speed of light requires that Gamma equal exactly 1.0.
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- The VLBA radio telescope was measuring radio waves coming from distant Quasars. Quasars are giant galaxies with giant Blackholes at their core. They beam jets of radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation across billions of lightyears distance.
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- When one of these Quasars is in line-of -sight with the Sun and the radio beam passes by the edge of the Sun, the Sun’s gravity will cause slight changes in the apparent positions of the Quasar because the radio waves are bent from a straight line as they pass through the curved space.
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------------------------- The results of the VLBA measurements were:
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-------------- Gamma = 0.998 + or - 0.0003
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- The term “v/c” in the formula for Gamma is the velocity of a particle compared to the speed of light. When v/c approaches 1 the wave-particles are referred to as “ relativistic”.
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- For all particles that have a mass Gamma must always be larger than 1 because “nothing can travel at the speed of light except massless particles like light photons“.
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- For example: an electron is accelerated down a Particle Accelerator. After it travels a distance of 10 feet its velocity is 0.99c, (99% the speed of light). The value of Gamma is 7.09. When the electron reaches the target at the end of the Accelerator the electron’s velocity is very near the speed of light, 0.99999999995c. The value of Gamma is 100,000.
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- When an object is moving very much less than the speed of light then Gamma is approximately equal to 1. Gamma = 1. This is called non-relativistic motion, or Newtonian motion. (Gamma)^2 = 1 / (1-0) = 1
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- At non-relativistic speeds momentum equals mass times velocity.
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------------------ momentum = mass * velocity
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- When speeds approach relativistic speeds momentum increases to become momentum times Gamma.
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----------------- momentum = Gamma * mass * velocity
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- A particle with mass must always travel at speeds less than the speed of light. The Energy of the particle becomes:
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----------------- Energy = Gamma * mass * c^2
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----------------- (Energy)^2 = (mass)^2*c^4 + (momentum)^2 * c^2
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- If a particle has zero mass than it can only and must always travel at the speed of light.
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----------------- The energy of an electron at rest is:
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------------------ Energy = 0.511 million electron volts.
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----- After traveling 10 feet reaching 0.99c and Gamma 7.09:
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----------------- Energy = 3.62 million electron volts.
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---- After traveling the length of the Accelerator, Gamma = 100,000
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---------------- Energy = 51,000 million electron volts
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--------------------------------- Calculating the mass of an electron:
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------- E = mc^2 Electron mass = 9.11*10^-31 kilograms.
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------E = 9.11*10^-31 kilograms * ( 3*10^8 m/s)^2
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------ E = 8.199*10^-14 kilogram* m^2 /s^2
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------ m = E / c^2
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------ Electron mass = 0.511 MeV /c^2
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- The c^2 is always assumed to make calculations easier for lazy physicists.
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- It is not only energy that increases by a factor of Gamma at relativistic speeds. The length of the object shrinks or contracts by the same factor of Gamma. Objects flatten out like pancakes. The observer will see time slow down by the factor of Gamma. When it reaches light speed time stops altogether.
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- Photons do not experience time. For photons everything happens at once. For photons they are emitted and absorbed at the same instant. Photons may travel billions of lightyears to reach us. We see the time lapse, the photons see no time lapse at all. Zero time passed for them.
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--------------- The VLBA radio telescope is over a continent in diameter. It is an integrated system of 10 radio telescopes, dishes 25 meters in diameter (82 feet), weighing 240 tons each and stretching over 5,000 miles in separation. Mauna Kea in Hawaii to St Croix in the Virgin Islands, Socorro, New Mexico to Owens Valley in California and six more sites. This system provides the best measurement ever of Einstein’s spacetime curvature to explain gravity.
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-------------------------------- Other Reviews about energy and mass:
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- 2904 - PARTICLE MASS - how can math describe this? The atomic particles: electrons, photons, quarks and other “fundamental” particles supposedly lack substructure or physical extent. We basically think of a particle as a point-like object Yet particles have distinct traits, such as charge and mass. How can a dimensionless point have weight?
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- 2493 - MASS - what is it really? Most fundamental matter particles, such as electrons, muons and quarks, get their mass from their resistance to a field that permeates the universe called the Higgs field. When it comes to composite particles like protons and neutrons, which are made up of quarks, most of their mass comes from the pull of the strong force that holds the quarks together. What is mass, really?
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- 2365 - Mass and the energy of the Universe. Where did mass come from? If we learn from Einstein’s equation, E =mc^2, then mass is just concentrated energy. Mass and Energy are the same thing. If we try to add up all the mass in the Universe we learn that mass as we know it only occupies 5% of the total.
- 3155 - ENERGY - Mass, Momentum, and Inertia? Inertia is the property of mass that resists any change in motion. If an object is in motion its inertia is often called momentum. Momentum is equal to mass times velocity. Still another way to look at mass is that it is the same as energy according to Einstein’s equation, where c = the speed of light Mass = Energy / c^2
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- 3119 - ENERGY - Mass and Radiation. Mass-energy can neither be created or destroyed. What we have today has existed exactly the same since the Big Bang 13,700,000,000 years ago The universe started with nothing and ends up with nothing.
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- 3020 - ENERGY an abundance of alternatives? The U.S. uses 4,000,000,000 kilowatts per year. The world 17,000,000,000 kilowatts. We need to pursue many different energy alternatives and let each one meet the market conditions for readily available, lowest cost energy.
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- 2934 - - FRAGMENTS OF ENERGY - new theory for spacetime? For decades I have been learning about the disagreement between the two theories of science Einstein’s spacetime Theory of Relativity versus Quantum Mechanics descriptions of how an atom works. One works with big dimensions the other works only with the smallest dimensions. We need a theory of everything:
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- 2485 - ENERGY - all forms add up to zero? All the forms of energy include positive and negative, north and south, matter and anti-matter so when you add up all the energy in the universe it comes to zero. Zero is how it started, zero is how it is today ,and zero is how it will end.
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- 2480 - - ENERGY - Conservation of Energy. - We Earthlings need to learn how to conserve Energy. We have two main problems facing us in the next 50 years. The first is overpopulation. Mother Nature can not sustain this many people on this small planet without irrevocable harm. The second is Energy. Over consumption of Energy is far outstripping our supply.
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- 2515 - CALCULUS - Spacetime and Energy? The theory of relativity teaches us that space and time are relative. Both are always relative to some reference plane. So, keep that in mind even though most of this review will be strictly Newtonian. In Einstein’s world space ,”s”, collapses and time,”t”, slows down as velocity approaches the speed of light, “c”.
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- 2485 - ENERGY - all forms add up to zero? All the forms of energy include positive and negative, north and south, matter and anti-matter so when you add up all the energy in the universe it comes to zero. Zero is how it started, zero is how it is today ,and zero is how it will end.
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- June 7, 2021 1052 3185
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--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
--------------------- --- Monday, June 7, 2021 ---------------------------
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