Sunday, February 20, 2022

3474 - NEUTRON STARS - collisions, how gold is made?

  -  3474  -  NEUTRON  STARS  -  collisions, how gold is made?  When neutron stars collide, the collisions release a flood of elements necessary for life.  Subtle ripples in the fabric of space-time  confirm that colliding neutron stars make life as we know it possible.


-------------  3474  - NEUTRON  STARS  -  collisions, how gold is made?

-  Just about everything has collided at one point or another in the history of the universe, so astronomers had long figured that neutron stars, superdense objects born in the explosive deaths of large stars, smashed together too. 

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- A neutron star collision would go out with a flash. It wouldn't be as bright as a typical supernova, which happens when large stars explode. But astronomers predicted that an explosion generated from a neutron star collision would be roughly a thousand times brighter than a typical nova, therefore a “kilo nova“.

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-  Neutron stars are made of a lot of neutrons. When you put a bunch of neutrons in a high-energy environment, they start to combine, transform, splinter off and do all sorts of other wild nuclear reactions.  Kilonovas are responsible for producing enormous amounts of heavy elements, including gold, silver and xenon. 

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-  Together with their cousins, supernovas, kilonovas fill out the periodic table and generate all the elements necessary to make rocky planets ready to host living organisms.

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-  In 2017, astronomers witnessed their first kilonova. The event occurred about 140 million light-years from Earth and was first heralded by the appearance of a certain pattern of gravitational waves, or ripples in space-time, washing over Earth. 

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-  These gravitational waves were detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo observatory, which immediately notified the astronomical community that they had seen the distinct ripple in space-time that could only mean that two neutron stars had collided. 

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-  Less than 2 seconds later, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope detected a gamma-ray burst, a brief, bright flash of gamma-rays.

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-  Astronomers around the world trained their telescopes, antennas and orbiting observatories at the kilonova event, scanning it in every wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum. All told, about one-third of the entire astronomical community around the globe participated in the effort.

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-   It was perhaps the most widely described astronomical event in human history, with over 100 papers on the subject appearing within the first two months.

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-   Kilonovas had long been predicted, but with an occurrence rate of 1 every 100,000 years per galaxy, astronomers weren't really expecting to see one so soon. In comparison, supernovas occur once every few decades in each galaxy.

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-  Between gravitational waves and traditional electromagnetic observations, astronomers got a complete picture from the moment the merger began.

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-  The kilonova produced more than 100 Earths' worth of pure, solid precious metals, confirming that these explosions are fantastic at creating heavy elements.  The gold in your jewelry was forged from two neutron stars that collided long before the birth of the solar system.

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-  That wasn't the only reason the kilonova observations were so fascinating. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted that gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. But astronomers have long been trying to develop extensions and modifications to general relativity, and the vast majority of those extensions and modifications predicted different speeds for gravitational waves.

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-   The gravitational wave signal and the gamma-ray burst signal from the kilonova arrived within 1.7 seconds of each other. But that was after traveling over 140 million light-years. To arrive at Earth that close to each other over such a long journey, the gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves would have had to travel at the same speed to one part in a million billion.

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-  That single measurement was a billion times more precise than any previous observation, and thus wiped out the vast majority of modified theories of gravity.  No wonder a third of astronomers worldwide found it interesting.  Gold was not the only reason to get excited. 

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February 20, 2022      NEUTRON  STARS  -  how gold is made?            3472                                                                                                                                               

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