Saturday, March 4, 2023

3850 - Index of Reviews 3851 to 3900

 

            -  3850  -   Index of Reviews 3851 to 3900

            -     This index is of the 50 reviews from 3850  to 3900.  Indices of all previous reviews is available upon request.

      -    Writing style is stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few                                 pages in total.  Comments are always welcome.  See:    https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net

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            ------------------  3850 -  Index of Reviews 3851 to 3900

            -    3849  -  DARK  MATTER  -  mysteries near the Sun?   Space probes that fly close to the sun might one day help to reveal the nature of dark matter. Dark matter is the invisible and largely intangible substance that researchers suggest makes up about five-sixths of all matter in the universe.

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            -  3851  -   ASTERPOIDS  -  history of the Universe?   -    The history of the solar system is encoded in asteroids, the planetary crumbs left over from its birth over 4.5 billion years ago.  NASA is trying to bring back a sample from Bennu, a carbonaceous asteroid.

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            -   3852  -      ASTEROIDS  -  threaten our planet?    Asteroids hanging around Earth?   Scientists are discovering new near-Earth asteroids practically daily, with more than 27,000 identified to date.

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            -   3853  -   TELESCOPES  -  work together?     Is it possible for Earth and space-based telescopes to work together? Astronomers wrote a white paper that points out the potential benefits of coordinating ground, orbital and in situ based observations of objects.

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            -   3854  -   MARS  WEATHER  -  reports sent back?     Mars' weather is proving to be turbulent and diverse over the Perseverance rover's landing site in Jezero Crater.  NASA's Perseverance rover is dotted with various weather sensors, collectively called the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA), which cover the rover's neck and deck;  some are also housed in its interior.

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            -    3855 -   EXO-PLANETS  -  and gravitational waves.    As gravitational waves pass through pulsars, astronomers can spot the tiny changes in the pulsar's regular rhythm. This method promises to reveal colliding pairs of black holes in which each partner is around a billion times the mass of our sun.

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            -   3856  -   GRAVITY  WAVES  -  paths of light beams?  -   Relavity has really tangled up the light from a distant Quasar.   In 1979, astronomers spotted two nearly identical quasars that seemed close to each other in the sky. These so-called “Twin Quasars” are actually separate images of the same object.

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            -    3857  -   LIFE  ON  OTHER  PLANETS?    From black holes to the search                  for life and beyond, all of astronomy's greatest mysteries are on the table and astronomers are already planning how to solve them, using tools that range from the biggest space telescopes to arrays of tiny radio telescopes scattered across a desert on Earth.

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            -    3858  -  COMETS  -  volcanic activity?  -    Viewers who have a clear view of the night sky away from significant light pollution will be able to spot the comet without a telescope.    Look to the northern sky between the Big Dipper and the North Star.   It will look like a small fuzzy patch of light, possibly slightly greenish.

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                   3859  -   GAMMA  RAYS -  the hunt for the source?  -    New research shows the cocoon is caused by gamma rays emitted by fast-spinning extreme stars called "millisecond pulsars" located in the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, which orbits the Milky Way.

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                 3860  -  PLANETS  -  the search is on?     There is a whole new era of telescopes, in space and on the ground, set to revolutionize astronomy. From black holes to the search for life and beyond, all of astronomy's greatest mysteries are under assault. Astronomers are  using tools that range from the biggest space telescopes to arrays of tiny radio telescopes scattered across a desert on Earth.

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            -   3861  -    NEUTRINO  SCIENCE  -  what is its mass?   Neutrinos are the only fundamental particles whose mass we still don’t know. As their name implies, neutrinos are very, very small. But they outnumber the other fundamental particles by a factor of 10 billion.

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            -    3862  - NEW  SCIENCE  -  in “weather” balloons?  -   Our scientists have so many new capabilities.  A new propulsion system could levitate vehicles in the Earth’s upper a atmosphere.  This could be a more modern technology to do the same thing as a weather balloon.

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            -   3863  -   WHITE  DWARF  -  measuring the mass?    How was microlensing used to measure the mass of a white dwarf star?  Astronomers have directly measured the mass of a dead star using an effect known as “gravitational microlensing”.

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            -   3864  -   EXOPLANETS  -  so many discoveries?   Astronomers have discovered more than 5,200 exoplanets, less than 200 are rocky terrestrial exoplanet.   Exoplanet “Wolf 1069 b”, which orbits a red dwarf star, Wolf 1069, is only 31 light-years from Earth.

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            -   3865 -   COSMOLOGY  -  how it all got started?     The James Webb Space Telescope observed a galaxy that existed about 325 million years after the Big Bang this past summer, 2021. This established a new record for the earliest galaxy ever observed. However, the JWST can only observe the brightest galaxies from this epoch, while arrays like HERA and CHIME continue to probe the “darker” regions of the early Universe.

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            -    3866  -   PULSARS  -  beacons of rotating stars.     Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that blast out pulses of radiation at regular intervals ranging from seconds to milliseconds.   These 'cosmic lighthouses' can spin as fast as 700 rotations per second.

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            -    3867  -   QUASARS  -  blackhole center of galaxies.    Discovered 60 years ago quasars have a misleading name. While these objects do shine like a star from our eyes on Earth, they are the brightest objects in the universe. They’re actually the ultra-bright centers of galaxies powered by powerful supermassive black holes.

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            -    3868  -   WHITE  DWARF  -  mass is measured?    A bright white dwarf star shining in front of a vast sea of distant stars and galaxies becomes the first time that the mass of an isolated white dwarf star has been directly measured.

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            -    3869  -    NUCLEAR  ROCKETS  -  are they safe to go to the moon? Nuclear power presents transformative possibilities for space exploration and the innovative study we are conducting on this could help to propel our next generation of astronauts into space faster and for longer, significantly increasing our knowledge of the universe.

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            -  3870  -    MILKY WAY  GALAXY    -   new discoveries?     The migration of stars to Andromeda and the galaxy's growth history is  similar to that of the Milky Way. That means the findings have implications for our understanding of both galaxies.

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            -   3871  -   GAMMA  RAY  BURSTERS  -   and tiny satellites? -  Tiny satellites could revolutionize the study of the most energetic explosion in the cosmos and help astronomers untangle the mysteries of colliding stellar remnants, Gamma Ray Bursters, that produce powerful gravitational waves.

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            -   3872  -  RUSSIAN  SATELLITE  DEBRIS -  a ring of junk!  Februay 8, 2022,  a Russian satellite has broken into pieces, littering debris in space. A Russian KOSMOS 2499 satellite broke up last month,  for a second time. The Space Force said they are currently tracking 85 individual pieces of debris at an altitude of 726 miles.  The breakup occurred on January 4, 2023, but the reason for the disintegration remains unknown.

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            -   3873  -    ATOMIC  CLOCKS  -  Measuring time precisely!  Ultraprecise atomic optical clocks may redefine the length of a second. The length of a second hasn't been updated in 70 years.    A strontium lattice optical atomic clock is an ultraprecise optical clock that may redefine the most fundamental unit of time.

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            -    3874  -   LIFE  ON  PLANETS  -  check out Mars?    When NASA’s Curiosity rover arrived at the “sulfate-bearing unit” last fall, 2021, scientists thought they’d seen the last evidence that lakes once covered this region of Mars. That’s because the rock layers here formed in drier settings than regions explored earlier in the mission. The area’s sulfates, salty minerals, are thought to have been left behind when water was drying to a trickle.

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            -    3875  -   MASSIVE  BLACKHOLE  -  not detected?    The James Webb Space Telescope may be able to reveal the presence of a supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy or one of the clumps of stars. If Webb is unable to find the black hole, then the best explanation is that the black hole has recoiled well out of the center of the galaxy.

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            -    3876  -   MILKY  WAY  GALAXY  -   how did it form?      Although the night sky may seem unchanging, the universe is a dynamic place. Galaxies like M31 and our Milky Way are constructed from the building blocks of many smaller galaxies over cosmic history.

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            -   3877  -  GALAXY  FORMATIONS  -  how are they born?  -   The Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument at the Very Large Telescope was used to study existing stars in the galaxy. It can image the galaxy in one observation with multiple wavelengths of light. At the same time, it measures the intensity of light coming from various regions. In doing so, it provides a fascinating “3D” look at the galaxy and its components.

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            -  3878  -  METEOR  -  likely Earth impacts?    A sizable space rock will make its closest approach to Earth in four centuries on Wednesday evening, February 15, 2023,  but it will miss us. A Valentine's kiss.

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            -  3879  -   VENUS  -  our sister planet?   The “Mercury probe” provided new info about Venus.“BepiColombo” and “Solar Orbiter” are also helping us better understand Earth's sister planet.  The two probes en route to the sun, recently passed by Venus at nearly the same time, visiting Earth's sister planet within a day of each other in August 2021.

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            -  3880  -   GALAXY  FORMATION  -  unwound history  -     It's amazing that we can look out at the sky and read billions of years of another galaxy's history as written in the motions of its stars — each star tells part of the story.

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            -  3881  -  ANDROMEDA  GALAXY  -  next door neighbor      Astronomers have discovered new evidence that Andromeda, the galaxy next door to our own, grew by merging with another galaxy. The event triggered a mass migration of stars into the galaxy.

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            -    3882  -    DARK  MATTER  SECRETS  -    Space probes that fly close to the sun might one day help to reveal the nature of “dark matter”.   Dark matter is the invisible and largely intangible substance that researchers suggest makes up about 80% of all matter in the universe.  “Ordinary Matter” is only 5%.

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            -    3883  -   HYDROGEN  FUEL  -  could it replace oil?   The enthusiasm for natural hydrogen comes as interest in hydrogen as a clean, carbon-free fuel is surging. Governments are pushing it as a way to fight global warming, efforts that were galvanized when Russia invaded Ukraine last year and triggered a hasty search, especially in Europe, for alternatives to Russian natural gas.

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            -    3884  -  NUMBERS  -  that are special formulas?  -     The world's most famous irrational number, pi, whose first 10 digits are 3.141592653.  As the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, pi is not just irrational, meaning it can't be written as a simple fraction. It is also transcendental, meaning it's not the root, or solution, to any polynomial equation.

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            -    3885  -  MILKY  WAY  GALAXY  -  our journey aound it?    Earth's journey through the Milky Way may have had a profound impact on our planet's geology.   Every 200 million years, when Earth passes through its galaxy's spiral arms, the planet is pummeled with high-energy comets, and this bombardment may even thicken Earth's continental crust.

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            -    3886  -    EARLIEST  GALAXIES  -  did JWST find them?     The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a group of galaxies from the dawn of the universe that are so massive they shouldn't exist.  The six gargantuan galaxies contain almost as many stars as the Milky Way despite forming only 500 to 700 million years after the Big Bang.

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            -  3887  -   MOON  -  plans for a moonbase?   Blue Origin, Jeff Bezos' private spaceflight company, claims it has made major progress in developing a way to make solar panels using materials from the lunar surface.

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            -  3888  -   GAMMA  RAY  BURSTS  -  what causes them?    What are those elusive gamma ray bursts?  Gamma-ray bursts are really bright and all you need is a relatively small detector to spot them.  Gamma-ray bursts are the highest-energy explosions known to take place in the universe.

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            -     3889  -   GALAXIES  -  are too big, too early?  -  What do astronomers do when they find the Universe arived too early and was bigger than calculations?   Six galaxies were fouind to be too big, too early.

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            -     3890  -    SUPERNOVA    -  shock waves create elements?    Some elements arrived on Earth by surfing supernova shock waves.  When stars die, they spread the elements they’ve created in their cores out to space. But, other objects and processes in space also create elements. Eventually, that “star stuff” scatters across the galaxy in giant debris clouds.

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            -    3891 -   EARLIEST  GALAXIES  -  Webb discoveries?    Astronomers are poring over the very first images from the brand new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).   July 2022, barely a week after those first images from the revolutionary super telescope were released. Twenty-five years in the making, a hundred to a thousand times more powerful than any previous telescope, one of the biggest and most ambitious scientific experiments in human history, and what do we see?

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            -    3892  -    MASSIVE  BLACK  HOLES  -    went missing?    This is a really surprising result. If expansionary dark energy does lurk inside the cores of black holes, it will solve two long-standing puzzles faced by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which describes how gravity affects the universe at large scales.

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            -    3893  -  WATER  ON  PLANETS  -  is there life there?    This research adds another link in the chemical chain reaching from the Big Bang to life.  How do organic molecules in space gain nitrogen atoms, which are critical components to amino acids, DNA, and life?    This work shows how the materials for life are wrapped up in the formation of stars, solar systems, and planets.

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            -     3894  -    HYDROGEN  CARS  -  the future is here?  -   An ideal future is where areas bathed in sunlight use solar cells to generate hydrogen, which will be loaded onto next-gen tankers and shipped to countries around the world, emissions-free from the air and back to it.

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            -    3895  -  MILKY WAY  & ANDROMEDA  -  galaxies.    Results suggest that very early supermassive black holes were often heavily obscured by dust, perhaps as a consequence of the intense star formation activity in their host galaxies.

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            -    3896  -   UNIVERSE  -  too early?    In the first data taken last summer, 2022,  with the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on the new James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers found six galaxies from a time when the Universe was only 3% of its current age, just 500-700 million years after the Big Bang.

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            -  3897  -   HEAVIEST  ELEMENTS  -  how did we get here?    Some of the heavy elements arrived on Earth by surfing supernova shock waves.   When stars die, they spread the elements they’ve created in their cores out to space

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            --  3898  -   RADIO WAVES  -  are “light” for new telescopes.  Astronomers capture a radio signal from ancient galaxy at a record-breaking distance. The signal was detected at a special and significant wavelength known as the "21-centimeter line" or the "hydrogen line," which is emitted by neutral hydrogen atoms.

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            -  3899  -   EXOPLANETS  -  What are some of them like?    Although astronomers have discovered more than 5,200 exoplanets, less than 200 are rocky,  the rest are gaseous. 

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            January 28, 2022        Index of Reviews 3851 to 3900                 3850                                                                                                                           

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            -----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ---

            ---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 

            --  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews

            ---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------

            --------------------- ---  Saturday, March 4, 2023  ---------------------------

             

             

             

             

                     

             

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