Monday, March 13, 2023

3915 - UNIVERSE - is expanding ?

 

-   3915  -  UNIVERSE  -  is expanding ?   The dark energy in the early universe underwent a phase transition, just as water can change phase between frozen, liquid and steam. In the process, the energy bubbles eventually collided with other bubbles and along the way released energy.


------------------------  3915  -    UNIVERSE  -  is expanding ?

-  You bring a pot of water to the boil.  As the temperature reaches the boiling point, bubbles form in the water, burst and evaporate as the water boils. This continues until there is no more water changing phase from liquid to steam.

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-   This is roughly the new idea of what happened in the very early universe, right after the Big Bang, 13.7 billion years ago.

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-    The idea comes from particle physicists, in this new scientific proposal they present a strong basis for their idea.    Imagine that bubbles arose in various places in the early universe. They got bigger and they started crashing into each other. In the end, there was a complicated state of colliding bubbles, which released energy and eventually evaporated.

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-   The background for this theory is called “phase changes in a bubbling universe”.   It is an interesting problem that surfaced calculating the  “Hubble constant”,  a value for how fast the universe is expanding.

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-   The Hubble constant can be calculated very reliably by analyzing cosmic background radiation or by measuring how fast a galaxy or an exploding star is moving away from us.   Both methods are not only reliable, but also scientifically recognized. The problem is that the two methods do not lead to the same Hubble constant of expansion.  Physicists call this problem "the Hubble tension."

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-   Is there something wrong with our picture of the early universe?   In science, you have to be able to reach the same result by using different methods, so here we have a problem. Why don't we get the same result when we are so confident about both methods?

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-     To get the same Hubble constant, regardless of which method is used, the path starts with a phase transition and a bubbling universe connected to "the Hubble tension."

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-   The basis for the methods is the so-called “Standard Model”, which assumes that there was a lot of radiation and matter, both normal and dark, in the early universe, and that these were the dominant forms of energy. The radiation and the normal matter were compressed in a dark, hot and dense plasma; the state of the universe in the first 380,000 years after Big Bang.

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-   Maybe a new form of “dark energy” was at play in the early universe?   If you introduce the idea that a new form of dark energy in the early universe suddenly began to bubble and undergo a phase transition, the calculations agree.  The same Hubble constant can be arrived at using both measurement methods. They call this idea “New Early Dark Energy” (NEDE).

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-   Changes occur from one phase to another, like water to steam.  In this new theory, dark energy underwent a phase transition when the universe expanded, shortly before it changed from the dense and hot plasma state to the universe we know today.

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-   The phase transition model is based on the fact that the universe does not behave as the Standard Model tells us. It may sound a little scientifically crazy to suggest that something is wrong with our fundamental understanding of the universe; that you can just propose the existence of some unknown forces or particles to solve the Hubble tension.

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-    But if we trust the observations and calculations, we must accept that our current model of the universe cannot explain the data, and then we must improve the model. Not by discarding it and its success so far, but by elaborating on it and making it more detailed so that it can explain the new and better data.

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-   A phase transition in the dark energy could be the missing element in the current Standard Model to explain the differing measurements of the universe's expansion rate.

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            -   The “Hubble constant” is a value for how fast the universe is expanding.  It means 72 kilometers per second per Megaparsec.   Megaparsecs are a measure of the distance between two galaxies, and one megaparsec is 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers. For every megaparsec between us and a galaxy, the galaxy moves away from us at 72 kilometers per second.

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-   When you measure the distance to galaxies by supernovas, you get a Hubble constant of approx. 73 (km/s) per megaparsec. But when measuring on the first light particles (the cosmic background radiation), the Hubble constant is 67.4 (km/s) per megaparsec.  A megaparsec is 3.262 million lightyears distance. 

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-  When they changed the basis of these calculations by introducing the existence of a new, early, dark energy that undergoes a phase transition  both types of calculations come to a Hubble constant of about 72. 

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-  However, that is today.  The expansion rate is accelerating and continually getting faster and faster.  Hold on tight and don't fall off. 

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                   March 13, 2023       UNIVERSE  -  is expanding ?             3915                                                                                                                          

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