- 3915 - UNIVERSE - is expanding ? The dark energy in the early universe underwent a phase transition, just as water can change phase between frozen, liquid and steam. In the process, the energy bubbles eventually collided with other bubbles and along the way released energy.
------------------------ 3915 - UNIVERSE - is expanding ?
- You bring a
pot of water to the boil. As the
temperature reaches the boiling point, bubbles form in the water, burst and
evaporate as the water boils. This continues until there is no more water
changing phase from liquid to steam.
-
- This is
roughly the new idea of what happened in the very early universe, right after
the Big Bang, 13.7 billion years ago.
-
- The idea
comes from particle physicists, in this new scientific proposal they present a
strong basis for their idea. Imagine
that bubbles arose in various places in the early universe. They got bigger and
they started crashing into each other. In the end, there was a complicated state
of colliding bubbles, which released energy and eventually evaporated.
-
- The
background for this theory is called “phase changes in a bubbling
universe”. It is an interesting problem
that surfaced calculating the “Hubble
constant”, a value for how fast the
universe is expanding.
-
- The Hubble
constant can be calculated very reliably by analyzing cosmic background
radiation or by measuring how fast a galaxy or an exploding star is moving away
from us. Both methods are not only
reliable, but also scientifically recognized. The problem is that the two
methods do not lead to the same Hubble constant of expansion. Physicists call this problem "the Hubble
tension."
-
- Is there
something wrong with our picture of the early universe? In science, you have to be able to reach the
same result by using different methods, so here we have a problem. Why don't we
get the same result when we are so confident about both methods?
-
- To get the
same Hubble constant, regardless of which method is used, the path starts with
a phase transition and a bubbling universe connected to "the Hubble
tension."
-
- The basis
for the methods is the so-called “Standard Model”, which assumes that there was
a lot of radiation and matter, both normal and dark, in the early universe, and
that these were the dominant forms of energy. The radiation and the normal
matter were compressed in a dark, hot and dense plasma; the state of the
universe in the first 380,000 years after Big Bang.
-
- Maybe a new
form of “dark energy” was at play in the early universe? If you introduce the idea that a new form of
dark energy in the early universe suddenly began to bubble and undergo a phase
transition, the calculations agree. The
same Hubble constant can be arrived at using both measurement methods. They
call this idea “New Early Dark Energy” (NEDE).
-
- Changes
occur from one phase to another, like water to steam. In this new theory, dark energy underwent a
phase transition when the universe expanded, shortly before it changed from the
dense and hot plasma state to the universe we know today.
-
- The phase
transition model is based on the fact that the universe does not behave as the
Standard Model tells us. It may sound a little scientifically crazy to suggest
that something is wrong with our fundamental understanding of the universe;
that you can just propose the existence of some unknown forces or particles to
solve the Hubble tension.
-
- But if we
trust the observations and calculations, we must accept that our current model
of the universe cannot explain the data, and then we must improve the model.
Not by discarding it and its success so far, but by elaborating on it and
making it more detailed so that it can explain the new and better data.
-
- A phase
transition in the dark energy could be the missing element in the current
Standard Model to explain the differing measurements of the universe's
expansion rate.
-
- The “Hubble constant” is a value for how
fast the universe is expanding. It means
72 kilometers per second per Megaparsec.
Megaparsecs are a measure of the distance between two galaxies, and one
megaparsec is 30,000,000,000,000,000,000 kilometers. For every megaparsec
between us and a galaxy, the galaxy moves away from us at 72 kilometers per
second.
-
- When you
measure the distance to galaxies by supernovas, you get a Hubble constant of
approx. 73 (km/s) per megaparsec. But when measuring on the first light
particles (the cosmic background radiation), the Hubble constant is 67.4 (km/s)
per megaparsec. A megaparsec is 3.262
million lightyears distance.
-
- When they
changed the basis of these calculations by introducing the existence of a new,
early, dark energy that undergoes a phase transition both types of calculations come to a Hubble
constant of about 72.
-
- However, that
is today. The expansion rate is
accelerating and continually getting faster and faster. Hold on tight and don't fall off.
-
March 13, 2023 UNIVERSE
- is expanding ? 3915
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--- Monday, March 13, 2023 ---------------------------
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