Monday, April 10, 2023

3900 - Index of Reviews 3900 to 3950


           INDEX -  3900  -   Index of Reviews 3900 to 3950

            -     This index is of the 50 reviews from 3900  to 3950.  Indices of all previous reviews is available upon request.

      -    Writing style is stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few                 

                    pages in total.  Comments are always welcome.  See

                    https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net

             ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

            -


            ------------------  3900 -  Index of Reviews 3900 to 3950

            -    3900  -   EXOPLANETS  -  too large for its “sun”?   Astronomers have discovered another unusual planetary system consisting of a Jupiter-sized planet orbiting a tiny star that is only four times the size of the solar system gas giant. This "forbidden" configuration of a massive planet orbiting a relatively tiny star which could challenge theories of how gas giant planets form.

            -

            -    3901  -  FORBIDEN  PLANETS  -  too big for their sun?    Massive 'forbidden planet' orbits a strangely tiny star only 4 times its size  The discovery could challenge our theories of how gas giants like Jupiter form.

            -

            -   3902  -  SUN'S  -  magnetic bubble?  The Sun’s Magnetic Bubble is a heliosphere pelted with cosmic rays.  Our corner of the universe, the solar system, is nestled inside the Milky Way galaxy, home to more than 100 billion stars. Our solar system is encased in a bubble called the “heliosphere”, which separates us from the vast galaxy beyond and some of its harsh space radiation.

            -

            -    3903  -  BLACK  HOLES  -  are more active than thought?    Black holes at galactic centers blast out 10 times more light than previously thought. Blackholes in the hearts of galaxies are usually shrouded in dust.   Black holes residing at the center of galaxies produce way more energy than scientists previously thought

            -

            -   3904  -  BIG  BANG  THEORY  -  the best math can give us?   We now know the big bang theory is (probably) not how the universe began.    Where did all this come from? In every direction we care to observe, we find stars, galaxies, clouds of gas and dust, tenuous plasmas, and radiation spanning the gamut of wavelengths: from radio to infrared to visible light to gamma rays.

            -

            -   3905  -  JAMES  WEBB  -   some first observations?    James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) sees the same supernova three times in an epic gravitational lens.  Every image it beams back to Earth is amazing.  A recent observation depicting not one, not two, but three images of the same galaxy, on (February 28, 2023).

            -

            -    3906  -   MOON  -  Artemis preparations for launch?    The most ambitious of the Artemis mission's objectives involves using the moon as a stepping stone for a mission to Mars. Robots have done all the detective work on Mars so far, but NASA now aims to send astronauts there by the 2030s.

            -

            -   3907  -  Einstein Ionized the Universe?   The James Webb Space Telescope can’t study the radiation coming out of the galaxies directly, because that radiation gets absorbed by the billions of light-years worth of matter between us and those galaxies. So instead they had to look for other clues.

            -

-   3908 -  HEAVY ELEMENTS  -  how did the stars create them?   Atomic elements are all the atoms that make up the chemistry in the periodic table of elements.   The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons in their nuclei.

            -

            -    3909  -  VENUS  -  our sister planet?   While Earth and Venus are approximately the same size, and both lose heat at about the same rate, the internal mechanisms that drive Earth’s geologic processes differ from its neighbor. It is these Venusian geologic processes that create this cooling mechanisms of Venus and the potential processes behind it.

            -

            -    3910  -    PULSARS  -  are rapidly spinning stars?    Pulsars are 'cosmic lighthouses' can spin as fast as 700 rotations per second.    They are rapidly rotating neutron stars that blast out pulses of radiation at regular intervals ranging from seconds to milliseconds.

            -

            -    3911  -   COSMIC  WEB  -    new pictures of the universe?      The universe is permeated by a vast, invisible web, its tendrils weaving through space. But despite organizing the matter we see in space, this dark web is invisible. That's because it is made up of dark matter, which exerts a gravitational pull but emits no light.

            -

            -   3912  - GALAXY  -  history how they are created?   Astronomers know that galaxies grow over time through mergers with other galaxies. We can see it happening in our galaxy. The Milky Way is slowly absorbing the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy.

            -

            --   3913  -    WATER  -   how did it arrive on Earth?  In the early Earth formation with the planets it was too close and hot for water to exists on the surface.  We believe that water came later arriving from asteroids and space itself.

            -

            -  3914  -  FASTEST  STARS  -  tell us about our galaxy?   Fastest stars in the Milky Way are 'runaways' from another galaxy.  The fastest-moving stars in our galaxy are traveling so fast that they can escape the Milky Way.  They are in fact runaways from a much smaller galaxy in orbit around our own.

            -

            -    3915  -  UNIVERSE  -  is expanding ?   The dark energy in the early universe underwent a phase transition, just as water can change phase between frozen, liquid and steam. In the process, the energy bubbles eventually collided with other bubbles and along the way released energy.

            -

            -   3916  -  OLDEST  GALAXY  -   did James Webb find it?   What is the oldest galaxy?  Astronomers pin down the age of the most distant Galaxy and what we see occurred 367 Million Years After the Big Bang, or over 360 billion years ago.

            -

            -   3917  -  GRAVITY  LENS  -  create multiple images?  Astronomers have measured a time delay of 6.73 years, the longest ever detected for a gravitational lens, between multiple images of a quasar. The result, obtained after 14.5 years of observation.  This finding will improve our knowledge about galaxy clusters and the dark matter they contain.

            -

            -   3918  - ICE  SATELLITE -  measuring the glaciers?    A satellite is measuring the elevation of all the Earth's surfaces.  More than a trillion measurements of Earth's height - blanketing everything from glaciers in Greenland, to mangrove forests in Florida, to sea ice surrounding Antarctica.

            -

            -    3919  -  ASTEROIDS  -  how close to Earth?   In 2019, for the first time, scientists have found the building blocks for life on an asteroid in space. Japanese researchers have discovered more than 20 amino acids on the space rock Ryugu, which is more than 200 million miles from Earth.

            -

            -    3920  -  MILKY  WAY  GALAXY  -  are we unique?    Is the Milky Way’s bulge-formation history unique or common in galaxy evolution? To answer that question, astronomers will have to look at galaxy assembly in the distant, young universe, a task for which NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope was specifically designed.

            -

            -   3921 -  LIFE  ON  PLANETS  -  can we detect the beginning? Coupled with newly detailed information about the ice composition of interstellar clouds from James Webb Telescope, scientists may finally be able to determine for sure whether amino acids formed in our solar system or in interstellar space.

            -

-   3922  - COSMIC  RAYS  -  where do they come from?   Cosmic rays produce extensive particle showers that send a cascade of electrons, photons, and muons to Earth's surface.

            -

-   3923  -  GALAXY  CLUSTERS  -  and our Milky Way?   The globular cluster of stars is located around 31,000 light-years from Earth in the inner region of the Milky Way.  This is so deep into our galaxy that it is just 4,600 light-years from our galaxy's central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*.

            -   3924 - WHITE  DWARF  STAR  -  measuring its mass.    Astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope have for the first time directly measured the mass of a single, isolated white dwarf star which is the surviving core of a burned-out, Sun-like star.

            -   3925  -   GAMMA  RAY  BURSTS  -  detected by satellites?   Tiny satellites could revolutionize the study of “Gamma Ray Bursts” which are the most energetic explosion in the cosmos and help astronomers untangle the mysteries of colliding stellar remnants that produce powerful gravitational waves.

            -

            -   3926 - RED  DWARF  STARS   -  live the longest?    Red dwarf stars are more active and wild than the Sun.   Red dwarfs,  known as "M dwarfs", are the most common stars in the Milky Way and can remain placid for long periods of time before erupting with huge “superflares”.

            -

            -     3927 -  WATER  ON  EARTH  -  how did it get here?   A reserve of water the size of 140 trillion oceans is lurking in a faraway supermassive black hole, the universe's largest deposit of water and 4,000 times the amount found in the Milky Way.

            -

            -   3928 -   GALAXY  CENTER  -  what is going on there?  Advancements in optics, spectrometers, and interferometry, astronomers have been able to peer into Galactic Center.  The “Event Horizon Telescope” (EHT), the world got to see the first image of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) in May,  2022.

            -

            -   3929 -    SUN  -  we still have mysteries to solve?    Our Sun is a star like billions of other stars in the universe. Some of those stars also have astrospheres, like the heliosphere, but this is the only astrosphere we are actually inside of and can study closely.  We need to start from our neighborhood to learn so much more about the rest of the universe.

            -

            -   3930 -   UNIVERSE  -  how big is it, really?  That may be something that we actually will never know.  The size of the universe is one of the fundamental questions of astrophysics. It also might be impossible to answer.

            -

            -    3931 -    GALAXIES  -  oldest and farthest?   Astronomers pin down the age of the most distant galaxy seen 367 Million years after the Big Bang.  The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was built to peer back in time and identify the Universe’s very first galaxies.

            -

            -   3932 - SOLAR SYSTEM MOONS  -   what have we learned?  -    The moons of our Solar System have garnered quite a lot of attention in the last few years, especially pertaining to astrobiology and the search for life beyond Earth.

            -

            -    3933 -  SUN  -  our sun's solar cycle?    March 24, 2023, sees the strongest solar storm in nearly 6 years.   The powerful solar storm supercharged auroras as far south as Colorado and New Mexico.

            -

            -    3934  -   DESI  -  galaxies grow by merging?    Astronomers know that galaxies grow over time through mergers with other galaxies. We can see it happening in our galaxy. The Milky Way is slowly absorbing the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds and the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy.

            -

            -    3935 -   EUROPA  -  water makes a different ocean?    Salt and water are very well known at Earth conditions.  Now we have these planetary objects that probably have compounds that are very familiar to us, but in very exotic conditions.   We have to redo all the fundamental mineralogical science.

            -

            -    3936 -  NEW  SATELLITE -  in a new atmosphere?    A new propulsion system could levitate vehicles in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.  There is a novel type of propulsion using only light to collect data in the Earth’s challenging-to-explore mesosphere.

            -

            -   3937 -  MOON  -  glass beads of water?    Chinese researchers may have discovered billions of tons of water inside strange glass spheres buried on the moon, and they could be used as a future water source for moon bases.

            -

            -    3938 -  GALACTIC  BLACKHOLE  -  at center of our galaxy?   The doomed cloud is 3,000 times longer than the distance from the Earth to the Sun.  It provides clues to the strange and extreme environment around a black hole 4 million times more massive than the Sun.

            -

            -    3939 -  ANDROMEDA  GALAXY  -  grew from galaxy mergers? Astronomers have discovered new evidence that Andromeda, the galaxy next door to our own, grew by merging with another galaxy. The event triggered a mass migration of stars into the galaxy.

            -

            -    3940 -  GAMMA  RAY  BURSTS  -  2022 discoveries?    Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief, bright flashes of gamma-ray light that are thought to be the most powerful explosions in our universe since the Big Bang. GRBs are released during extreme stellar explosions or supernovas, when a dying star runs out of fuel and collapses into a neutron star or even a black hole.

            -

            -    3941 -    RED  DWARF  WITH PLANETS?     Astronomers have been excited that some of Trappist-1's seven rocky planets could be habitable. The James Webb Space Telescope has measured the temperature of a rocky exoplanet for the first time, finding that a "cousin" of Earth most likely lacks an atmosphere.

            -

            -   3942 -   NORTHERN  LIGHTS  -  how are they created?  -  Auroras are caused by charged particles from Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind colliding with other particles in Earth's upper atmosphere. Those collisions excite the atmospheric particles, which then release light as they "relax" back to their unexcited state.

            -

            -    3943 -   EXOPLANETS  - Earth size with atmospheres?  -    Earth-size exoplanet spotted just 72 light-years away.  Researchers searching for transiting exoplanets (those that cross their host star's face from our perspective) has made its latest discovery, an Earth-size body just 72 light-years away from us.

            -

            -    3944 - QUANTUM  ENTANGLEMENT  -  weird science? Entanglement is the long distance connection between particles.  Quantum Entanglement may be the needle that stitches together the fabric of space and time?   How to connect the smallest particles in Quantum Mechanics to the macro-world math in General Relativity?

            -

            -     3945 -   STAR  SPAGEHTTIFICATION?      A captured star has experienced multiple close encounters with a supermassive black hole in a distant galaxy, and possibly even survived having material ripped away by immense gravitational tidal forces.

            -

            -   3946 -   DOUBLE – SLIT  EXPERIMENT  -  light is wave-particle.   Few science experiments are as strange as the double-slit experiment.  Few experiments in modern physics are capable of conveying such a simple idea,  “that light and matter can act as both waves and discrete particles depending on whether they are being observed”.

            -

            -   3947 -   BIG  BANG  THEORY  -    how it all got started?  The Sun and the Earth formed a solar system.  The Milky Way Galaxy is full of “suns”.  And we have discovered at least 5,000 other planets around some of these stars. We know there are billions of galaxies in the Universe.  How did this all come to be?

            -

            -   3948 -  HUBBLE  SPACE  TELESCOPE -  new discoveries?     Hubble Space Telescope spots light from ancient wayward stars. Scientists are on a mission to determine the origin of these rogue stars, which they now think are even older than anticipated.

            -

            -    3949 -   ASTRONOMY  -  using multiple combined sources?     How do imaging systems interact with different wavelengths of light?  The electromagnetic spectrum is extremely large.  It includes all types of light, such as radio, infrared, x-rays, ultraviolet and visible light.  There is no one single sensor that can collect data in all of those different wavelengths at the same time.

            -

            -   3950 -   MOONS  OF  JUPITER  -   and more.    The Galilean moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.

            -

            March 8, 2023        Index of Reviews 3900 to 3950                          3950                                                                                                                          

            ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

            -----  Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ---

            ---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 

            --  email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews

            ---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------

            --------------------- ---  Monday, April 10, 2023  ---------------------------

 

 

         

 

 

No comments:

Post a Comment