- 4078 - SPACE TIME - was Einstein right? Distortions in space-time could put Einstein's theory of relativity to the ultimate test. Observing time distortions could show whether Einstein's theory of general relativity accounts for the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
--------------------- 4078 - SPACE TIME - was Einstein right?
- The newly proposed
test method turns the edge of space and time into a vast cosmic lab to investigate
if general relativity can account for dark matter. Dark Matter is a mysterious, invisible form
of matter that can only be inferred by its gravitational influence on the
universe's visible matter and energy.
-
- Dark Energy will
be tested as well for the accelerating
expansion of the universe.
-
- General relativity
states that gravity is the result of mass warping the fabric of space and time,
which Einstein lumped into a four-dimensional entity called space-time.
According to relativity, time passes more slowly close to a massive object than
it does in a mass-less vacuum. This change in the passing of time is called
“time distortion”.
-
- Since its
introduction in 1915, general relativity has been tested extensively and has
become our best description of gravity on tremendous scales. But scientists
aren't yet sure if it can explain invisible dark matter and dark energy, which
together account for around 95% of the energy and matter in the universe.
-
- Time distortion
predicted by general relativity has already been measured very precisely at
small distances. It has been measured
for planes flying around the Earth, for stars in our galaxy, and also for
clusters of galaxies. This new method
is to measure the distortion of time at very large distances.
-
- The new method
suggests testing time distortion by measuring redshift, the change in the
frequency of light an object emits as it moves away from us. This technique measures redshift caused as
light attempts to climb out of a gravitational well, a "dent" in
space-time created by a massive object.
-
- This climb changes
the frequency of the light because time passes at different rates inside and
outside of the gravitational well. As a
consequence, the color of the light is changed; it is shifted to red. By measuring gravitational redshift, we
obtain a measurement of the distortion of time.
-
- When distant
starlight bends around the gravity of a closer foreground object, it may make
an 'Einstein ring'. Time distortion
suggests that time is not absolute in our universe but rather passes at varying
rates depending on gravitational fields.This idea is not exclusive to general
relativity.
-
- Time distortion
exists in all modern theories of gravity.
However, the amplitude of the time distortion , how much the presence of
a massive object slows down time, varies from theory to theory.
-
- In general
relativity, the distortions of time and space are predicted to be the same; in
other theories of gravity, this is not always the case. That means that by
measuring the distortion of time and comparing it to the distortion of space,
physicists can test the validity of general relativity.
-
- The new method
could also test another leading theory of the cosmos: “Euler's formula”, which
astronomers use to calculate the movement of galaxies. Specifically, the team's
proposed measurement of time distortion could prove whether dark matter obeys
Euler's equation, as prior studies of time distortion have presumed.
-
- This new method
could be employed by future missions, including the European Space Agency's
Euclid telescope, which is set to launch in July, and the Dark Energy
Spectroscopic Instrument, which is three years into its five-year survey of the
universe.
-
- It will be
possible to measure the distortion of time with the data delivered by these
surveys. This is very interesting
because, for the first time, we will be able to compare the distortion of time
with that of space, to test if general relativity is valid, and we will also be
able to compare the distortion of time with the velocity of galaxies, to see if
Euler's equation is valid.
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-
July 6, 2023 SPACE TIME
- was Einstein right? 4078
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