-
-
- Just ask a lot of dumb questions. Like how far has light traveled since first light, since the beginning of the Universe. The answer is :
-
-------------------------81,100,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles.(1)
-
- So looking back to the start of the Universe you would see what things looked like 13,820,000,000 years ago. It is a very old image. A lot has happened in the meantime. What we see is in the direction of one light beam traveling over expanding space towards us. There is another beam flying off in the opposite direction. In fact, light is traveling in expanding space in all directions at the same speed. If we could see the image what would look like today. It would be 634.8*10^21 miles away because space has been expanding during the time it took the light to reach us.
-
- Today the Observable Universe is 92 billion lightyears across expanding in all directions at an ever faster rate. Today we measure the rateof expansion to be 74.2 kilometers per second for every mega parsec length of space. To put this in more familiar units:
-
- The rate of the expanding Universe is 47,000 miles per hour per every million lightyears.
-
---------------------------- Distance = rate * time
-
--------------------------- Time = Distance / rate
-
------------------------- hours = miles / miles per hour
-
- The Hubble Constant rate of expansion is the reciprocal of time:
-
--------------------------- Ho = 1 / time
-
------------------------- Time = 1 / Ho
-
-------------------------- Time = million lightyears / 47,000 miles per hour
-
------------------------- Time = 5.88 *10^18 miles / 4.7 *10^4 miles per hour
-
--------------------------- Time = 1.25 * 10^15 hours
-
-------------------------- Time = 52,000 * 10^9 days
-
-------------------------- Time = 14 billion years.
-
- The inverse of the Hubble Constant tells us how long the Universe has been expanding, about 14 billion years. But, it has not always been “constant”. When the Universe was young the mass was more concentrated and gravity was dominate in deceleration the expansion of the Universe. This was true for the first 5 billion years. By then the density of the Universe grew much less, masses were spread farther apart, gravity falls off as the square of the separation, so the energy that was expanding the Universe became more dominate over the last 5 billion years. The Hubble Constant is certainly constant over our brief history, but, in the future it is accelerating faster and faster. It just happens to be a good “ average velocity” for today’s calculations.
-
- The edges of the Universe that light has reached is 27.74 billion lightyears apart. With space expanding during the time light was traveling at 670,633,500 miles per hour the edges of space must be 92 billion lightyears apart today. What is on the other side of these edges of space?
-
- In the beginning time and space were created. What has space time been expanding in to? Is the Universe all there is, or, is there more outside the Universe?
-
- The other side of the boundary is a place where time has not gotten there yet. Wait a bit longer and time will reach it.
-
- If we look to the edge of time is that where the edge of light has reached? Or, does time reach out farther than light? Is time and space traveling any faster than 670,633,500 miles per hour?
-
- When we get to the edges of the Universe is the boundary curved, or, does it remain flat. We know the Universe is geometrically flat were we live because any triangle we can create over the expanding Universe that we can observe has 3 angles that add to exactly 180 degrees. The Universe appears flat. But, the Universe is much bigger that we can see. So, maybe beyond what we can measure the geometry of the Universe is curved.
-
- Standing on the sea shore we look across the horizon and the Earth certainly appears flat. Any triangle we create on the surface using our survey equipment will get a triangle with 3 angles that add to 180 degrees. But, if we draw much larger triangles we begin to get angles that add up to greater than 180 degrees. If we make a triangle from the north pole to the equator we can get a triangle with three 90 degree angles, adding to a total 270 degrees. This tells us that the geometry of the Earth is spherical.
-
- If we could do the same thing with the Universe, using ever bigger triangles we would begin to measure triangles that had angles totaling less than 180 degrees. This would tell us that the geometry of the Universe was an hyperbole, saddle shaped. The boundaries diverge and go off to infinity. Is the expansion of the Universe is expanding into infinity?
-
- The galaxies are moving apart at an accelerating rate, but, how does the cosmic real estate keep getting created between the galaxies? Is this some type of perpetual motion on the grandest of scales?
-
- How did this perpetual motion all start? Running time and expansion backwards in our thinking we arrive at a densely compressed space filled with radiation ( energy ) and subatomic particles ( mass ).
-
- The Universe started very, very hot and cooled as it expanded. In order to get a flat Universe, the same every where ( homogeneous ) and the same in every direction
( isotropic ), Cosmic Inflation occurred expanding the Universe by 10^30 times in
10^-36 seconds. This expansion in space was much faster than the speed of light. After 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 seconds the expansion slowed down to the Hubble Constant rate we see today.
-
- As the expansion occurred gravity froze out of the expansion to begin holding mass together. Later the Strong Nuclear Force froze out and Quarks and Gluons began to from particles like protons. The Weak Nuclear Force froze out and we began to form particles like neutrons. When the Electromagnetic Force froze out electrons with charges and protons with opposite charges began forming atoms.
-
- Once the Universe had expanded and cooled to 3,000 Kelvin the electrons and protons had combined to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Once the charged particles got together to form neutral atoms the photons were no longer being scattered bouncing off the charged particles. Photons escaped the plasma and began there 13.82 billion lightyear journey. This occurred when the Universe had expanded for 370,000 years.
-
- I used the expression of freezing out when the expansion cooled the Universe. 3,000 Kelvin is not exactly freezing. The better expression should be a “ phase transition”. Much like water goes through a phase transition from steam to liquid water and then again from liquid water to solid ice. The Early Universe went through these phase transitions. Maybe there will be another phase transition that will occur as the Universe continues its expansion. Lord only knows?
-
- See Review # 1602 to learn how we determined that these transitions in the expansion needed 26.8 % Dark Matter that did not interact with the electromagnetic force and 68.3% Dark Energy that counteracted gravity to expand the Universe at its ever expanding rate.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- (1) 13.82 billion lightyears * 5.88 * 10^12 miles per lightyear = 81.1 * 10^21 miles.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, October 30, 2013
No comments:
Post a Comment