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----------------------- # 1595 - Why is 96% of the Universe “ Dark“? ( Part II of VI )
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- The 73% and 23% proportions come from several different calculations using different methods of observation. All get the same answer. One of the methods uses the Redshift of light from stars and galaxies to calculate how fast they are receding away from us. That is how fast the Universe is expanding today.
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- The 73% Dark Energy is used to explain why the Universe is still expanding against the attractive pull of gravity.
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- One method to measure this expansion is to use the Redshift of light from stars that are in distant galaxies to calculate how fast they are receding from us. The Redshift is the expanding wavelength of light caused by the expanding space in between the galaxies over that distance.
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- Another method is to use the Brightness of supernova explosions in distant galaxies to calculate the distance. The dimmer the light source the farther away it must be.
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- Together these two calculations are used to determine the Universe is expanding. The farther distant the galaxy the faster it is receding. The recession velocities are not slowing down, not constant, but accelerating at an every increasing rate. Up until 1997 astronomers were convinced the expansion rate was a constant, the Hubble Constant. Galaxy recession velocities from earlier Redshift calculations showed a constant rate of expansion, a rate of increasing recession velocities of 47,000 miles per hour for every million light years of space what was traveled by the light.
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- Then in 1997 the Brightness calculations were used on distant supernovae. The supernovae we actually measured to be dimmer than the distance calculations would get using Hubble’s Constant rate of expansion. The conclusion, the rate of expansion must be accelerating because the galaxies were farther away than a linear expansion would take them.
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- When a supernova explodes in a distant galaxy that single exploding star can outshine the light from the entire galaxy. A single supernova can outshine 5,000,000,000,000 Suns. ( 5* 10^12). This is how they can be seen for such great distances.
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- Certain supernovae explosions have a known amount of energy released because they have a certain amount of mass. Their Brightness can be accurately calculated. Knowing that light intensity decreases with the square of the distance, the distance can then be calculated. The galaxy distance calculated by linear expansion of Hubble’s law got a shorter distance than the Brightness calculation. The constant speed of expansion got the wrong answer. The actual speed of expansion must be accelerating, getting faster and faster with distance.
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- In 1915 Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity required that space and time be variable. As speed approaches the speed of light, time slows down. Spacetime would bend under the influence of gravity. Or, put another way gravity would be created with the curvature of spacetime. It was mass-energy that bends the fabric of spacetime. Mass-energy in total is constant and space time is variable. At the time Einstein’s equations needed radiation energy and material mass to be in balance in order for the Universe to remain a constant sphere, as it appeared to bes. However, his equations were unstable in being made to balance. Like a pencil balanced on its point it would fall with the slightest perturbation.
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- His equations stated that the Universe could not remain static. The slightest disturbance would either cause gravity to collapse the Universe, or, cause a runaway expansion. At the time Einstein “invented” the “ cosmological constant” to add to the equation in order to keep it in balance.
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- It was in 1930 when Edwin Hubble first observed the galaxies were receding, the more distant the galaxy the faster it was receding. The cosmological constant was not keeping the Universe in balance. The equations were wrong trying to show the Universe was static.
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- The recession rate was calculated to be 74.2 kilometers per second per mega parsec
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- A mega parsec is a distance measurement of 3.26 million lightyears. Translating the recession rate to more familiar terms the Hubble Constant recession velocity is:
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------------- 47,000 miles per hour per million light years distance
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-See Review # 1596 to learn how a Redshift calculation was used to make this calculation.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, October 23, 2013
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