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- A star’s radiation, or a supernova explosion radiation, expands as a sphere and the surface area of a sphere increases as the square of the radius of expansion. The light is being spread over an ever wider surface area as the radius grows. The light is being diluted and dimming as this the expansion occurs. The dimming is at the square of the radius. Or, the Brightness as at the inverse square of the radius. When the radius is twice as big the surface is 4 times as large and the Apparent Brightness is 1/4th as bright.
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- A star’s radiation power is called its Luminosity and it is measured in watts.
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- The Apparent Brightness of a star is measured in power per unit area, measured in watts per square meter.
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- Using the Inverse Square Law to calculate Apparent Brightness:
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-------------- Apparent Brightness = Luminosity / 4 * pi * ( radius ) ^2
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------------- 4 * pi * ( radius ) ^2 is the formula for the surface area of a sphere.
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- We can estimate the Luminosity of the star Vega by its size, the color of its light, and its light spectrum compared to our own Sun. We estimate the Luminosity to be 3.8*10^26 watts.
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- We measure the star’s Apparent Brightness as we see it from Earth to be 1.0*10^-12 watts / meter^2.
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- From the inverse square law we calculate the distance , or radius:
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------------------- (Distance)^2 = Luminosity / 4 * pi * Brightness.
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------------------ (Distance)^2 = 3.8 *10^26 / 4 * pi * 10^-12
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------------------ Distance = 5.5 * 10^18 meters
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----------------- 1 lightyear = 9.5*10^16 meters
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----------------- Distance = 580 lightyears.
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- To learn these same calculations for Brightness measurements of distant supernovae see Review #1084 and #1085 on “ Dark Energy”.
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- Since Hubble’s time astronomers have learned that certain stars, White Dwarf Stars, can have a specific known Luminosity when they explode as supernovae. These White Dwarf Stars have a known mass of 1.38 Solar Mass when they explode. Astronomers can identify these White Dwarf supernovae from their light spectrums. Their light curves have a known Luminosity that can be used in the Brightness calculation. When we measure the Apparent Brightness of the White Dwarf explosion we can calculate the distance in the same way.
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- The same light spectrum can be used to measure the Redshift of the light. With Redshift the recession velocity can be calculated. Knowing the Recession Velocity we can use Hubble’s Constant to calculate the distance in lightyears.
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----------------------- Hubble’s Constant = 47,000 miles per hour / million lightyears.
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- See Review #1084 where a Redshift of 6 determines the recession velocity to be 6,696,000 miles per hour and the distance to be 136,000,000 lightyears.
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- When both the Redshift Calculation and the Brightness Calculation are made on a distant galaxy we find that the Brightness Calculation gets a greater distance than what is obtained using the Hubble Constant of expansion. The expansion must not be at a constant rate, it must be accelerating at a higher rate of expansion with distance.
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- It is the Dark Energy of the repulsion of space, the repulsion of anti-gravity, that is used to explain this. If we assume the geometry of the Universe is flat then the ratio of repulsive energy to the attractive energy of gravity works out to be:
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---------------------- 73% anti-gravity repulsion
---------------------- 27% gravity attraction.
--------------------- 100% total mass-energy in the Universe.
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---------------------- 73% Dark Energy
---------------------- 27% Matter
--------------------- 100% total mass-energy in the Universe.
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- In Part I , Review # 1594 we have shown that Ordinary Matter only accounts for 4% of this 27% total Matter. That leaves 23% of the mass-energy in the Universe being Dark Matter. Matter we can not see and don’t know what it is. See Review #1598 Part V of VI to learn the calculation for the Dark Matter.
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- See Review #1599 Part VI of VI for the calculation to determine the geometry of the Universe is “ flat “.
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RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email upon request. Some reviews are at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Wednesday, October 23, 2013
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