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----------------- - 1725 - Europa , Icy Moon of Jupiter
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- January 15, 2015, the huge geysers on Europa have gone silent, underground. Last year Hubble Space Telescope detected plumes of water vapor spewing 120 miles into space from geysers at the south pole.
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- The Galileo spacecraft has studied the Jupiter system 1995 to 2003 and didn’t uncover evidence of water geysers.
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- Saturn’s ice moon Enceladus, on the other hand, has continuing evidence of spewing liquid water up from beneath its icy shell. Plumes of gas and ammonia water are frequently still occurring.
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- The Cassini Spacecraft uses ultraviolet imaging spectrographs that suggest most of the hot gases surrounding Europa originated from the neighboring volcanic moon, Io.
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- If there are water plumes on Europa they are infrequent and smaller than those on Enceladus. Hubble Space Telescope did not detect any plumes between October , 1999 and November 2012. December, 2012 and January, 2013 was the only events recorded, so far.
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- Galileo spacecraft’s magnetometer data suggest that Europa’s magnetic field is variable indicating an internal electrically conducting fluid, that is a salty ocean. At temperatures of -300 F how can liquid water exist? Heat energy must be generated either by radioactive decay or by tidal forces created by the gravity pull of Jupiter?
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- How can tidal forces generate heat? Tidal forces can cause tugs and twists which can cause friction. How can friction create heat? Friction is mechanical. Is there a mechanical equivalent to heat?
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- “Heat” is energy that flows form a higher temperature to a lower temperature. Heat is a form of energy. It is measured in the same units as kinetic energy or potential energy --
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----------------- E = joules = kilogram * meter^2 / seconds^2
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---------------- E = m * v^2 = mass * velocity^2
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---------------- E = F * d = Force * distance = kilogram * meter^2 / seconds^2
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----------------- F = newtons = kilogram * meter / seconds^2
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------------------F = m * a = mass * acceleration.
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- The internal heat energy is the sum of the molecular kinetic energy due to the random motion of the molecules. Rapidly moving molecules transfer their energy to more slowly moving molecules by many, many microscopic collisions.
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- Jupiter’s immense gravity places tidal forces on Europa just as Earth’s Moon places tidal forces on our oceans. The friction of moving, colliding , molecules create the heat energy in Europa’s oceans. Believe it or not you can actually heat up water by stirring it.
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- James Joules discovered the nature of heat by observing how canons were drilled out causing the canon body to heat up. He created the experiment where a falling weight
( mechanical energy), worked through rope and pulleys to a sealed jar of water. The rope would pull and spin paddles inside the jar of water. The water would heat up ( heat energy). Precisely measuring, Joules discovered the relationship between work done, dQ and temperature rise, dT.
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-------------------------- dQ = C * dT
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------------------------ C is heat capacity, heat capacity for water = 1 cal/gram * degree C
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----------------------- dQ is heat flow = equivalent to work done.
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------------------------ dT is temperature change.
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- Life on Earth exists in our deep oceans near geothermal vents, maybe, a similar environment exists Europa’s and Enceladus’ subsurface oceans. Where this same tidal friction is keeping them warm. Whatever “ them” is?
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-Other Reviews available:
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- #1702 Jupiter’s moon Europa has plate tectonics just like Earth, only its ice. the icy surface is less than 90 million years old. That means it has been recycled through geological activity.
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- Europa is 90% the size of our Moon. Diameter 1,944 miles. Our Moon is 2,160 miles. Its surface temperature is -300 F.
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- #1361 Jupiter has 4 moons easily seen with binoculars on a clear night.
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- #1152 Europa , best chance to find life existing elsewhere in our solar System.
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- #812 the icy moon of Jupiter, August 1, 2007, we have learned a lot since then.
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--- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Thursday, January 15, 2015 ---
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