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----------------- - 1726 - Supersymmetry in Particle Physics
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- May 21, 2013, Dr. Beale Heinemann, Lawrence Berkeley Lab lecture explaining particle physics research being done using the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland. One of the goals of the experiment is to discover evidence of the existence of Supersymmetry.
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- Supersymmetry is a theory in particle physics about the existence of undiscovered particles in symmetry with ordinary Fermions and Bosons. These super partners to ordinary particles would unify the relationships of the four forces, Electromagnetism, Strong and Weak Nuclear , and Gravity.
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- Physicists hope to learn why particles have the masses they do ( the force of gravity ). All mass quantities and ratios have been discovered using experimental data, no theories have been invented to derive their numbers. There is no mathematical linkage that explains why they are what they are. Example: A proton is 1.167252 * 10^-27 kilograms. An electron is 9 *10^-31 kilograms. A proton /electron ratio is 1,297 Why?
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- Supersymmetry predicts that the Universe is filled with super-partner particles. These massive particles ( high energy ) might explain the existence of Dark Matter. Dark Matter represents 80% of all the matter in the Universe.
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- But, none of these super-partner particles have yet been discovered. The hope is the LHC will do that. In 2015 the LHC is planning to run at the highest energies it was designed for, 13 trillion electron volts.
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- What physicists have developed so far a “ Standard Model of Particle Physics” with 12 particles and 4 force particles. The model remains incomplete. Quantum Mechanics and Relativity theory explain a lot, but, not everything.
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-------------------- Matter is made of particles called Fermions.
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-------------------- Matter is held together by force particles called Bosons.
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-------------------- Fermions are made up of Leptons and Quarks.
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------------------- Leptons include Electrons, Muons and Taus
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- But why are there only 3 energy levels for these Leptons. Why do they have the masses that they do?
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--------------------- Electron ---------------0.000511 Giga-electron volts /c^2
---------------------- Muon -----------------0.106 Giga-electron volts /c^2
---------------------- Tau --------------------1.777 Giga-electron volts /c^2
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- New theories, such as String Theory, require new particles in order for the theory to work. These hypothetical particles have very high mass, energies. Quantum Mechanics requires “ virtual particles” to allow the ordinary particles to interact. Two electrons, negative charges, repel each other. The force of their repulsion is carried by “ virtual photons”.
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- Supersymmetry is actually a framework of theories developed over 40 years, since 1970. The laws are symmetrical because they apply equally regardless of direction, speed, or location of particles. They imply the other laws of Conservation of Energy, Momentum, Angular Momentum and E = mc^2, the relationship between energy and mass.
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- Symmetry exists because every particle has an anti-particle of equal mass but opposite charge. Therefore, the list of particles is really 24 not 12 ,as stated above.
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- Super symmetric theories require that every “ Boson” particle has a “ Fermion “ partner particle. To do this the number has to double again, to 48, instead of 24.
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- Will the LHC discover these massive super-partner particles? Or, will it not, and will other theories come to the forefront to replace Supersymmetry. Here are some other theories waiting in wings:
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- The Multiverse? The Universe must be finely tuned for life to exist at all. Multiverse suggest that fine tuning is not impossible as it is a random accident among an infinite number of universes out there. We are just an accident in Cosmic history. Our Universe has parameters to all0w life to develop like me to write reviews and like you to read them, Why is that? This all smacks to me as appealing to the unknowable.
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- Extra Dimensions? Extra dimensions can explain Gravity’s weakness compared to the other forces. Somehow the force of gravity is leaking out of our universe of 3 spatial dimensions and one time dimension. In this case mass might be explained by the energy of motion the extra dimensions.
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- Dimensional Transmutation? A proton is not a fundamental particle, it is an assembly of 3 Quarks held together by Gluons. But, the protons are heavier than the sum of the masses of the Quarks and Gluons The extra mass comes in the from of an “energy field” called the Strong Nuclear Force. Are there other energy fields to be discovered?
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- Today there remains no way to predict the masses of all these particles. We have to experiment and try to measure them. This was the problem that delayed the discovery of the Higgs Boson. This recent discovery implies the existence of a Higgs Energy Field that gives mass to all the fundamental particles. A Noble Prize is in it for anyone who can figure this stuff out.
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- In conclusion, we are dealing with empty space that is not empty at all. Space is packed full of virtual particles and Higgs Energy Fields, And the mass of the Higgs Boson is right on the edge of a state of an unstable vacuum of space. Higgs Boson Mass = 126.8 Giga-electron volts. An unstable vacuum could trigger a catastrophic transition in the Universe. This happened with Cosmic Inflation seconds after the Big Bang when the Universe expanded faster than the speed of light.
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- Are we on the “ Edge of Doom”? Could the Universe suddenly bounce into a lower energy state? Supersymmetry is a framework for making models of how the Universe really works. Let’s hope we find it soon before something pulls the trigger. Stay tuned there is more to learn.
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- Request other Reviews:
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- # 955 , #811, - Large Hadron Collider
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- #1693, #1512 the Standard Model, #1573, #1511 Sterile Neutrino, #1136 Six ordinary particles, #1097 Nature’s constants, #977 Fermions and Bosons, #973 Physics in a Nutshell, #632 Gluons, Bosons And Photons, Muons and Taus
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