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- Stephen Hawking proposed a theory that blackholes were not totally black. His math showed that Quantum Mechanics allowed atoms to leak out over the Event Horizon due to the Heisenberg Uncertainly Principle and due to matter-antimatter particles separating.
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- This leak became known as Hawking Radiation and meant that blackholes have a finite lifetime. A blackhole could theoretically evaporate completely over enough time. Quantum Information entered the blackhole. The proposed evaporation is random noise. Is the Quantum Information consequently lost? Is this contrary to the law of Conservation of Quantum Information?
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- A new proposal has the Event Horizon being a “firewall“, an inferno that destroys all Quantum Information before it ever gets inside the blackhole.
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- Prior to this idea Einstein’s idea was that the Event Horizon was thought to be an invisible line that was nearly undetectable when crossed. However, once crossed nothing , not even light, could escape.
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- The laws of physics must look the same from all frames of reference. All perspectives arrive at the same answer.
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- In 2014 Stephen Hawking tried to settle this conflict. His new proposal is that the Event Horizon is not a defined boundary but a “ zone of chaos” where space and time are completely scrambled. Therefore, any Quantum Information entering the zone is completely scrambled. Event Horizons are fuzzy edges that garble information that enters.
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- In 2015 a new proposal comes forward claiming that the laws of physics prevent the blackhole from even forming. This analysis of resulting energy and pressure concludes that rather than imploding the actions at the Event Horizon reverse everything ,flinging everything back into space. The theory says that imploding stars always self-destruct before a blackhole can form.
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- The theory survives observation because it also concludes that at the Horizon time stops. A rebound explosion would look like a single, motionless moment from our perspective on the outside. Blackholes will never exist from our perspective because we could never see them form. All we can see is a frozen frame when the star is infinitesimally close to the Event Horizon.
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- To reconcile these theories we need a new theory that merges Quantum Mechanics theories and General Relativity theories.
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- To get in to this dilemma deeper we have to address the Entropy Problem and the Information Paradox.
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- Hawking Radiation has particles and anti-particles separating, and, one of the pair evaporating past the Event Horizon escaping the blackhole. This implies that the blackhole has disorder, it has Entropy, it has a temperature. However, Einstein’s Relativity requires blackholes to be completely smooth without structure and therefore no entropy. They both can’t be right?
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- Quantum Mechanics requires the Conservation of Quantum Information. Hawking Radiation requires the destruction of information. When particles escape information is lost. They both can’t be right?
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- So, is the blackhole a benign Event in which things enter and never leave. Like, the “Hotel California” where a person checks in and he never checks out. Or, is the Event a firewall of high energy particles that marks the end of space? Space evaporates, Time stops.
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- If blackholes have a temperature , therefore radiation, therefore they have a large amount of Entropy, disorder in their microscopic structure.
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- If blackholes destroy the Quantum Wave Function of the particles that enter then Quantum Information would be destroyed. Quantum Mechanics Theory requires the Conservation of this information. So, this idea conflicts with current theory.
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- Quantum Entanglement may be involved. This is where two “ entangled “ particles switch characteristics ( example: spin up and spin down ) instantaneously regardless of their separation in space. Communication over great distances between entangled particles would have to be faster than the speed of light. If entanglement is broken there is a loss of energy. This becomes a wall of energy, it becomes a “ firewall” destroying anything that passes, even space might end at the Horizon.
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- General Relativity allows gravity to collapse matter and energy into a density so great that it creates a blackhole where the gravity is so strong nothing, not even light photons can escape. This theory requires blackholes to obviously have mass that curves space-time creating the pull of gravity. But, what else characterizes the blackhole? Relativity allows only two more characteristics: spin and electric charge.
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- A spinning blackhole has other consequences. At the Event Horizon the spin would drag along space-time. Space-time would be distorted like a spoon spinning in honey.
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- If there is a star orbiting a blackhole its mass can be calculated using Newton’s simple equations for an orbiting body. If the blackhole has an accretion disk orbiting it the temperatures in the disk can be millions of degrees Kelvin. This hot plasma creates X-rays. By measuring the X-rays astronomers can measure how close the detected hot plasma is to the horizon and can calculate the spin rate of the disk.
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- This X-ray technique was done on one object and its spin rate measured to be 950 times per second.
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- Another technique uses the light spectrum of hot iron. As the iron elements get nearer the Event Horizon the intense gravity Redshifts the element’s spectrum. An object measured in this way had a spin rate of 98.7% the speed of light. These are Relativistic speeds for sure.
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- The jets of material exiting the poles of these rotating objects are traveling 92% the speed of light.
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- Gamma-Ray Bursts may be the result of massive stars collapsing into spinning blackholes.
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- Blackholes themselves can never be seen directly. They make themselves known indirectly through the effects of their immense gravity ( mass) and their rapid rotation. Blackholes have scientist scratching their heads. Some laws of physics must be broken and new ones discovered. A blackhole really is black. Stay tuned, there is much more to learn.
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- Other Reviews available upon request to learn more about blackholes: 1677, 1658, 1587, 1551, 1508, 1441, 1365, 1350, 1244, 1105, 1177, 1096, 1140, 903, 848, 846, 819, 774, 592, 578, 453
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Tuesday, March 24, 2015 -----
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