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----------------- 1754- The Tides of Gravity
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- Gravity is the weakest force in nature, but, it puts 180 pounds of force on my feet. I can not lift a 180 pound weight off the floor, so, my feet are holding up a lot of mass. Of course it is not my mass that is the contributor it is the mass of the entire Earth.
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---------------------------- F = G * M * m / r^2
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---------------------------- Force of gravity = Gravitational Constant * Mass of the Earth * mass of my body / ( radius to center of Earth )^2
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- A small refrigerator magnet uses magnetic force to pick up a paper clip with the gravitational force of the entire Earth trying to pull it to the ground. The other three forces in nature are much, much stronger than the force of gravity, 10^38 times stronger.
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- The 180 pounds (m) feels like a powerful force because the other mass(M) in the equation is the Earth at 6,600,000,000,000,000,000 tons.
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- Fortunately the other 3 forces are holding your body together. Molecular forces: Electromagnetic, Strong, and Weak Nuclear forces.
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- However, for many objects in the Universe it is primarily the force of gravity holding them together, solar systems, galaxies, and galaxy clusters.
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- The force of gravity extends forever in all directions, but, the further the separation of two masses the weaker the gravity force of attraction between then ( 1/r^2).
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- The Moon and the Earth always face each other. The near faces are closer and experience stronger gravity attraction than the far sides. The Earth is rotating so its near face is always changing. The tidal force of the gravity between them creates a bulge in both the Earth and the Moon.
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- The ocean tides perpetually align with the Moon ever 27.3 days while the Earth is rotating every 24 hours. The tidal currents are a friction on the Earth’s surface. Rotational Energy is lost in this friction and the Earth’s rotation is slowing down, 2.3 milliseconds per day per century. That is not much but does cause a leap second added to the leap years every once in a while to keep our clocks on schedule.
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- We can see the effect of the tides on the seashore. But, you may hardly notice the ground beneath your feet rising one foot as the Moon passes overhead. It happens twice a month. It may be enough to trigger an earthquake.
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- Our Moon is 1/4th the size of the Earth but only contains 1% of its mass. The distances of separation “ (r )” is 239,000 miles.
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- Jupiter’s moon , Io, is 20% more massive that our Moon. But, the planet Jupiter is 318 times more massive that the Earth. and, the distance of separation is only 23,000 miles. The tidal forces that result significantly distort the entire shape of Io. There are 3 other Jupiter moons that also play a part in distorting Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are 0.66, 2.03, and 1.45 the mass of the Moon.
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- When the ground rises on Io it rises hundreds of feet. The friction creates heat and volcanic eruptions that spew plumes of gas and debris 100 miles above the surface.
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- Europa feels enough tidal effect to have 62 mile liquid ocean beneath its icy crust surface.
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- The tidal forces of planets and even the Sun are miniscule compared to the tidal forces of galaxies. The Milky Way Galaxy is devouring smaller dwarf galaxies streaming them into a tidal tail of stars that orbits our galaxy. The Sagittarius dwarf galaxy has a tidal stream that completely encircles the Milky way.
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- Astronomers are studying these tidal streams to locate the center of gravity within our Galaxy. And, to locate the Sun’s precise distance from the galactic center.
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- Other examples of these tidal streams in colliding galaxies can be found in “ The Mice”, NGC 4676, 300 million lightyears away in the Constellation coma Berenices.
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- Sun grazing comes have streaming tails created by tidal forces as well as by solar winds. Gravity is not so weak after all. It all depends on your frame of reference. If you take your frame of reference to be galaxy clusters, Neutron Stars, Blackholes gravity is so strong it curves height, width, and depth of space and the dimension of time to such a great extent to create gravitational waves.
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- The gravitational interaction of massive bodies create waves that we should be able to detect. Large interferometers using perpendicular laser beams are being used today to detect these gravity waves. LIGO, LISA, GEO 600, TAMA300 are four such projects. If these experiments succeed we will have a whole new science in Gravity. Stay tuned , there is more to learn.
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- Other Reviews available upon request:
- #1456 Tidal forces on our Moon and Jupiter’s are compared.
- #43 Using laser interferometer to detect gravity waves.
- #1534, #581 Gravity lensing to see distant galaxies.
- #1470 Loop Quantum Gravity
- #588 Gravity Prove B to test the Theory of Relativity.
- #1723 Gravity waves to measure the size of the Universe.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------------- Sunday, March 22, 2015 -----
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