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----------------- 1748 - The Science of Empty Space.
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- If you create a perfect vacuum there is nothing left but free space. But, free space itself is not “ nothing”. Space is not empty. It is filled with the Higgs Field. This field of energy creates mass for all the mass in the Universe. The mass starts with the most fundamental particles, like electrons and Quarks. If a particle is massless it travels at the speed of light, like photons and Gluons.
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- If a particle has mass it is interacting with the Higgs Field. Inertia is the degree of interaction and is a property of mass. Inertia means it takes energy to change its motion or direction. Mass and velocity have inertia and it takes added energy to accelerate it.
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- The Higgs Boson is a “ ripple” in the Higgs Field. When you move your hand through space you detect the Higgs Field with the mass of your hand and arm in motion. The interaction is there you can feel it. You can not see or detect the Field in any other way. It is like gravity, you can not see the gravitational field but you can certainly feel it.
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- Radio waves travel through your body and you can not see or feel them.. They are “ripples” in this Electromagnetic Field that you can nonetheless detect with a radio. The ripples are Amplitude Modulations, ripples, of the electromagnetic waves that can be detected and transformed in to sound waves.
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- The “ripples” in the Higgs Field are called Higgs Bosons. Science is trying to detect these ripples in powerful particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN, Switzerland. This particle accelerator smashes particles together at high velocities to bust them apart into the smaller, more fundamental particles. It can also create energies high enough to create massive particles according to E=mc^2.
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- If you smash ice you can break it down to the water molecules. If you smash water molecules you can break them down to Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms, H2O. There are 92 of these fundamental atoms ranging from Hydrogen to Uranium in the Periodic Table of Elements. You can smash atoms and break them down to protons, neutrons, and electrons. If you smash protons you can break them down into Up and Down Quarks. The CERN particle accelerator is smashing protons together hoping to detect even more fundamental particles that may come out of the debris. The Higgs Boson was detected this way in 2012.
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- The Standard Model of Particles contains 12 fundamental matter particles and 4 fundamental force particles. The 12 particles are 3 generations, or three energy levels, of the 4 fundamental particles. Each generation is a higher energy level or each of the 4 particles. Higher energies can create these particles but they quickly decay back to the ground level energies of these four particles:
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------------------------- UP Quark
------------------------- DOWN Quark
------------------------- Electron
------------------------- Neutrino
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- The 4 fundamental force particles are :
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------------------ Photon - Electromagnetic Force
------------------ W-Z Bosons - Weak Nuclear Force
------------------ Gluon - Strong Nuclear Force
------------------ Graviton - Gravitational Force ( particle remains undiscovered)
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- The total are the 16 fundamental particles. The Photon and Gluon are the only two that are massless, do not interact with the Higgs Field and travel at the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second. The rest have mass and interact with the Higgs Field in various degrees. The heavier the particle the greater the interaction.
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- Magnetic Fields, Gravity Fields, Electromagnetic Fields can be turned off , or reduced. The Higgs Field can not be turned off, it is Vacuum Field, a Space Field, that exist the same everywhere in space. If a particle lost the Higgs Field interaction it would have no mass and it would explode at light speed. If the Higgs Field changed at all the chemistry of atoms would change. The constant Higgs Field is what builds particles into atoms. No chemistry or biology would occur without mass and the constant Higgs Field.
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- A Higgs Boson is a ripple in the Higgs Field. It requires a great amount of energy to create a ripple, a Boson. And, once created the Boson quickly decays into a lower energy Quark.
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- The Higgs Field creates mass and mass interacts with the Gravitational Field which is a curvature of Space-Time’s four dimensions. There is an opposing energy field called Dark Energy that is an anti-gravity field that is counter- acting gravity’s pull bringing things together and accelerating an expansion pushing things apart in the expanding Universe.
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- Astronomers have measured the distance of supernovae explosions over a span of the Universe’s life time. Right now the Universe is expanding at 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears of space. But, this velocity is not constant; it is accelerating, expanding every faster in to the future.
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- Today astronomers measure the density of mass in space to measure the pull of gravity to be 10^-29 grams per cubic centimeter. This equates to the mass of 1 proton per cubic foot of space. There is 10 times move space than mass. And, space is growing. There is more space with more time. The mass is being separated and the pull of gravity is getting weaker and weaker with separation.
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- There is no theory that explains this phenomena of expanding space. There are several theories in development: Superstring Theory, Quantum Gravity Theory, Gauge Theory, Unified Field Theory, but, no experimental evidence proves any one theory so far. Superstring Theory seems to do the best job to date. String Theory proposes the most fundamental particles to be a string that is 2 dimensional and 10^-33 centimeters long. The string can be open at both ends or closed into a loop. That is it. The only fundamental particle upon all others are created. The different particles are created by different vibrations of strings in different ways.
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- This Superstring Theory requires there to be 16 heavier fundamental particles to pair up with the 16 particles in the Standard Model of Particles. None of these have been discovered because of the high energies required to create them. Remember energies create mass, E = mc^2.
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- It also requires there to be 6 additional dimensions of space. The 3 dimensions we are familiar with plus 6 very tiny dimensions folded up in space, too small to see. Tiny, means like the string dimensions that are 10^-33 centimeters.
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- Empty space is filled with these curled up extra dimensions. It is the properties of the vacuum of space. The vacuum appears the same to every observer in the Universe, regardless of relative motion. The vacuum energy converts to Higgs Boson particles at 123 GeV, billion electron volts.
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- This Higgs Boson particle was discovered at the CERN Particle Accelerator in 2012. The accelerator is today under upgrade modifications and will be turned back on in May, 2015. The hope is that the Higgs Boson can be created again and studied in more detail before it decays into Quark.
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- The Large Hadron Collider is being modified to have greater magnetic control of an even higher energy proton beam. The energies expected are up to 13,000 billion electron volts. The hope is that at these higher levels more of the Super Symmetry particles will be created and the extra dimensions may even show up.
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- The upgrades increase the magnetic rings from 5,9 tesla to 7.7 tesla. This 30% increase in the magnetic force is meant to contain the stream of protons traveling at near light speed. Higher energies means we can produce heavier particles. These heavier particles may in turn explain Dark Matter that comprises 85% of all the matter in the Universe.
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- Another theory to be explored is why matter dominates the Universe over anti-matter. the only theory for the Big Bang requires that there were created equal amounts of matter and anti-matter. The LHC is about to take us into physics that we have never seen before. Stay tuned, there are more dimensions to be had.
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