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---------------------------- 2261 - The Science of Physics
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- Physics is the science that deals with:
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--------------------- Matter
--------------------- Energy
--------------------- Motion
--------------------- Force
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- But, matter and energy are the same, according to E = mc^2.
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--------------------- Matter, which is mass
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--------------------- Energy, which is mass * 9*10^16
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--------------------- Motion, which is space and time
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--------------------- Force, which is energy that changes motion.
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- So, Physics is narrowed down to two topics, it is either Energy or Space-time. Simple.
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- MASS is a quantity of matter. It represents the inertia of a body. Inertia is the body’s resistance to acceleration. Mass requires a force to accelerate a body, a force is needed to change any velocity of motion. The unit of measurement for matter is kilograms. The unit of measurement of Force is kilogram*meters / (second)^2.
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- Mass and matter change with motion. As a body increases its velocity its mass increases relative to its mass at rest, “mo”.
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----------------------- m^2 = mo^2 / (1-v^2/c^2)
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where “v “ is velocity, “c” is the speed of light = 3*10^8 m/sec.
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- ENERGY is conserved in all processes and this leads to mass = energy / 9*10^16
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-------------- m = E / c^2.
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- Energy is the capacity of a body to do work. When work is done it is equal to energy at the start minus energy at the end. Energy is transferred into the work but it also conserved so that the total energy in all forms remains the same. Here are some of the forms:
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---------------------- KINETIC energy = the energy of motion
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---------------------- KE = ½ m*v^2
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---------------------- Rotational energy = KE = ½ I*w^2
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--------------------- where “v” is velocity, “I” is the moment of Inertia, and “w” is angular velocity.
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--------------------- KE = (m - mo)c^2, if the mass is in motion.
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- POTENTIAL ENERGY is due to gravity, PE = m*g*h
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-------------------- where “g” is the acceleration of gravity = 32 feet per second^2
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-------------------- h = height above the ground
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- INTERNAL ENERGY is the sum of PE of molecular interactions and KE of molecular motion. The value of internal energy depends primarily on the temperature.
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- Electromagnetic energy = 6.625 * 10^-34 * frequency, E = h*f, E = h*c/w
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- MOTION was defined by Isaac Newton in 1687 with three laws:
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----------------- (1) Bodies remain at resist, or remain at constant velocity unless acted on by a force.
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----------------- (2) Force changes linear motion with acceleration.
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----------------- F = d(m*v) / dt
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----------------- F = ma + v* dm/dt
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----------------- where v*dm/dt is zero if the mass remains constant.
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---------------- (3) Action = reaction. Forces acting on a body are equal and opposite in direction. Gravity pulls you to the ground and the ground pushes up with and equal and opposite force.
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- This is easy, and old physics. New physics is complicated and weird. Here are ten examples:
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- DE BROGLIE WAVES - all matter has a wave-particle duality. The wavelength of matted depends upon Planck’s Constant and momentum.
--------------------- Wavelength = 6.625*10^-34 / mass * velocity
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- The square of the amplitude of these waves is the probability that the particle will be at that point. If a photon is sent through 2 slits it will put a dot on a photographic plate placed on the other side of the slits. If we continue to send single photons through the slits they will form an interference pattern on the plate. It is as if the photon travels on a wave of probabilities until it hit’s the plate where it turns into a point. Weird.
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- EINSTEINS RELTIVITY - simply says that the laws of physics are the same for all observers regardless of their relative motion. This law requires the speed of light to remain constant and space and time to change. Gravity becomes a geometric phenomenon caused by the curvature of space-time around any mass. Weird.
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- SCHROEDINGER’S EQUATION - defines mathematically the probability of a particle being at a certain point. The particle does not appear until you measure it.
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- HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE - says that position and momentum can never be known with precision. Same with energy and time. If you know one there is a limit to how accurately you can know the other.
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- QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT - is the weirdest. Certain particle states are directly related to each other. If one particle is measured its wave function collapses. The other entangled particle will collapse simultaneously no matter how far away it is. Even at opposite ends of the Universe. “Spooky action at a distance” occurs.
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- UNIFIED FIELD theory - is trying to connect quantum mechanics with the theory of relativity. Quantum mechanics equations work on the very small but not on the very large. Relativity equations work on the very large but not on the very small. They need to be unified to work on everything the same.
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- There are many attempts in the works: Quantum gravity, String theory, M-theory, Grand unified theory, Loop quantum gravity. Theory of Everything, and Super symmetry.
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- BIG BANG THEORY for the beginning of the Universe. That it all started at a single point of enormous energy and began expanding and cooling to where it is today. Weird.
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- DARK MATTER (25%) and DARK ENERGY (75%) occupies 95 % of the Universe. Ordinary matter that we see, know and understand occupies only 5% of the Universe. We do not know what 95% of the Universe is. Embarrassing!
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- ROGER PENROSE QUANTUM CONSCIOUSNESS - there seems to be some link between the conscious choice of experiment and the outcome of the experiment. Consciousness itself
has some link to the quantum realm.
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- ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE - If our Universe was even so slightly different in any of the laws and constants of physics life could not exist. The odds of our existence seem minuscule small. The Designer has fine-tuned the Universe so we can study it. That should make a believer out of you. The impossible happens, I am writing this and you are reading this. Weird.
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- January 25, 2019. 738
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--------------------- Thursday, February 7, 2019 -------------------------
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