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----------------------------- 2392 - BIG BANG - The Origins of Existence
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- The Universe was created with only four forces
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----------------------------- FORCES -------------------- RELATIVE STRENGTH:
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----------------------------- Gravity ------------------- = 1 = 10^-33
----------------------------- Weak Force ---------------- = 10^33 = 1
----------------------------- Electromagnetic Force------ = 10^36 = 1,000
----------------------------- Strong Force---------------- = 10^38 = 10,000
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- The weak force is 10^33 times stronger than gravity (10^33 is 1 followed by 33 zeros, a very large number.) The strong force is aptly named. It holds atoms together. Nuclear energy is created when atoms are broken down and this Strong force is converted into energy.
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- If the mass of one proton was converted into energy according to E = mc^2 it would create one billion electron volts of energy. GeV is the symbol for a billion electron volts.
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--------------------- Energy of a proton annihilation = E = m* c^2
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--------------------- m = the mass of a proton = 1.67252 * 10^-24 grams
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--------------------- c = speed of Light = 2.998 * 10^10 cm/sec
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--------------------- E = 1.67 * 10^-24 * ( 3 * 10^10)^2 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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--------------------- E = 15 * 10^-4
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--------------------- The unit of energy is the erg = 10^-4 gram * cm^2/sec^2
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--------------------- E = 15 ergs
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--------------------- One electron volt = 1.6 * 10^-12 ergs
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--------------------- E = 9.4 * 10^12 electron-volts
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--------------------- E = 9.4 GeV
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- That is a lot of energy for one small particle. However, 1 GeV is also the amount of energy required to lift one small grain of sand one centimeter off the surface of the Earth.
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- Here is a scale of the energy in the Universe starting with the microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bang:
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--------------------- ENERGY -------------------------- BILLION ELECTRON-VOLTS
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- Microwave background radiation photons 2 * 10^-13 GeV
- Energy to knock photon out of hydrogen atom 13.6 * 10^-12 GeV = 1 eV
- Photons from starlight 10^-9
- Annihilation of an electron 10^-3
- Gamma Ray 10^-3
- Annihilation of a proton 1
- Lifting a coffee cup 10^10
- Daily human calorie burn 10^17
- Running a marathon 10^18
- One kiloton of TNT 2.5 * 10^22
- First Atomic Bomb 3.8 * 10^23
- Daily dosage of cosmic rays 8 * 10^23
- One million tons of TNT 2.5 * 10^25
- Earth’s daily ration of sunlight 10^29
- Comet hits Earth 235 million years ago 3 * 10^33
- Energy to sterilize Earth 10^38
- Formation of the Moon 10^40
- Formation of Earth 10^42
- Formation of Jupiter 10^46
- Formation of a star 10^51
- Annihilation of Earth 3 * 10^51
- Supernova 6 *10^53
- Hypernova 6 *10^55
- Annihilation of the Sun 10^57
- Galaxy formation 10^61
- Black Hole formation 10 ^63
- Energy in Observable Universe 10^80 GeV
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- All the energy in the observable Universe is 10^80 billion electron-volts. The observable Universe, presently the farthest we can see, is 10^28 centimeters across. In Planck units, the smallest known measurement of distance, the Universe is 10^61 Planck unit lengths across. It is interesting that the age of the universe in Planck time units is also 10^61 units. Space and time apparently started at the same time.
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-------------------------- Planck time unit = 10^-43 seconds
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-------------------------- Planck length unit = 10^-35 meters
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-------------------------- Universe diameter = 10^26 meters
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-------------------------- Universe age = 5 * 10^17 seconds
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-------------------------- 10^26 meters / 10^-35 meters = 10^61
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-------------------------- 5 * 10^17 seconde/10^-43 seconds = 5 * 10^-61
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- There are only 12 fundamental particles that make up the Universe. Each of these particles has an antiparticle which annihilate each other whenever they come in contact.
The 12 fundamental particles, 6 quarks and 6 leptons, along with the 4 forces make up everything that is in the known Universe.
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- When these fundamental 4 forces and 12 particles combine into mass we get:
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-------------------------- Number of photons and neutrinos = 10^87 each
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-------------------------- Number of protons = 10^78
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-------------------------- Number of planets = 10^23
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-------------------------- Number of black holes = 10^17
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-------------------------- Number of galaxies = 10^11
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-------------------------- Number of known universes = 1
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- When these fundamental forces and particles combine into energy we get:
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- ENERGY ENERGY DENSITY
- Electron-volts / cm^3
- Total energy of all ordinary matter,
- protons and neutrons, ( baryons) = 10^9
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- Total energy of dark matter = 10^10
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- Total of all orbital kinetic energy = 3 * 10^3
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- Total of all magnetic fields = 2
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- Total in all cosmic rays = 1
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- Total energy in radiation from stars plus
- microwave background radiation = 0.34
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- Dark matter, something we can not see and can not identify today, has 10 times the energy of our observable Universe of ordinary matter. This is one of the big mysteries in astronomy today.
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- We can detect its gravitational effects but we do not know what it is. Dark energy is another mystery. It is the energy in a vacuum, or in empty space, believed to be a form of anti-gravity that is causing the Universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
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- If we total up the energy in the Universe:
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-------------------------- Ordinary matter = 5%
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-------------------------- Dark matter = 25%
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-------------------------- Dark Energy = 70%
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-------------------------- TOTAL ENERGY = 100%
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- All radiation, stars, neutrinos, baryons are round off error in this summation to 100%. For 95% of the energy in the Universe, we do not know what it is. We must leave something for you younger students to work on.
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- Other Reviews available:
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- 2360 - Big bang, the primeval atom.
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- 2353 - The birth of the Universe.
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- 2248 - From the Big Bang and back again.
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- 2242 - Big Bang, how can we understand it? Also list 11 more reviews on this subject.
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- 2146 - Astronomy is seeing history.
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- June 4, 2019 376
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--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Tuesday, June 4, 2019 ---------------------
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