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----------------------------- 2395 - HIGGS BOSON - creator of all mass.
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- We have all learned that us and the rest of the Universe is made up of atoms. And, if we had dug a little deeper in some physics classes we learn that atoms are made up of electrons and protons. Now, it really gets deep because protons are made up of quarks and gluons.
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- I have separate Reviews on each of these particles if you want to learn more. But, This Review is about the last particle to be discovered, the Higgs Boson. It is what holds all the other particles together. We have only discovered it in the last few years thanks to our most powerful particle accelerators.
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- How important is this discovery? Well the Higgs Boson could Seal the fate of the Universe. It has been tagged in the media as the "God particle" when in 2012 it was first discovered as a subatomic particle in the Large Hadron Collider.
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- The Higgs particle is part of the Higgs Field that permeates all of space-time. It interacts with many particles, like electrons and quarks, providing those particles with mass.
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- The Higgs particle itself is surprisingly lightweight. According to best estimates, it should have been a lot heavier. If the heavier Higgs does indeed exist, then we need to reconfigure our understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics with the newfound realization that there's much more to the Higgs than we currently know..
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- Within these complex interactions, there might be a clue to everything from the mass of the ghostly neutrino particle to the ultimate fate of the universe.
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- In our best conception of the subatomic world using this Standard Model, what we think of as “particles” aren't actually very important. Instead, there are “fields“ that permeate and occupy all of space and time.
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- There is one field for each kind of particle. So, there's a field for electrons, a field for photons, and so on and so on. What you think of as particles are really local little vibrations in their particular fields. And when particles interact it's really the vibrations in the fields that are doing a very complicated interactions.
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- The Higgs boson has a special kind of field. Like the other fields, it permeates all of space and time, but it also interacts with all the other fields.
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- The Higgs field interacts with the W and Z bosons and their respective fields These bosons are the carriers of the weak nuclear force. By interacting with these other bosons, the Higgs is able to give them mass and make sure that they stay separated from the photons which are the carriers of electromagnetic force.
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- Without the Higgs boson running interference, all these carriers would be merged together and nuclear and electromagnetic forces would become one force.
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- The other job of the Higgs boson is to interact with other particles to gives them mass. We have no other way of explaining the masses of these other particles without this addition.
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- This theory of creating mass was all worked out in the 1960s through a series of complicated and elegant math. There's just one hitch to the theory: There's no real way to predict the exact mass of the Higgs boson.
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- In other words, when you go looking for the particle ,which is the little local vibration of the much larger field, in a particle collider, you don't know exactly what and where you're going to find it.
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- In 2012, scientists at the LHC got lucky and announced the discovery of the Higgs boson after finding a few of the particles that represent the Higgs' field had been produced when protons were smashed into one another at near light-speed. These particles had a mass of 125 giga-electronvolts (GeV), or about the equivalent mass of 125 protons.
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- However the mass of the Higgs boson based on the way it interacts with the “top quark“ predicts a number way higher than 125 GeV. It could just be that those predictions are wrong, but then we have to circle back to the math and figure out where things need to be corrected.
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- Or, the mismatch between broad predictions and the reality of what was found inside the LHC could mean that there's more to the Higgs boson than our theories tell us.
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- There very well could be a whole plethora of Higgs bosons out there that are too heavy for us to see with our current generation of particle colliders. Mass-energy gets back to Einstein's famous E=mc^2 equation, which shows that energy is mass and mass is energy. The higher a particle's mass, the more energy it has and the more energy it takes to create it.
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- Theorists are hard at work trying to find any possible way to test these theories, since most of them are simply inaccessible to current experiments.
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- Other Reviews trying to figure out the Higgs:
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- 2197 - New in science in 2018 starts with microelectronics and works its way down to the Higgs boson.
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- 2045 - Higgs Boson, How Does It Work? To learn this we need to know a little Quantum Mechanics, a little Field Theory , the Uncertainty Principle, and some Particle Physics. First, Quantum Mechanics. Things are not smooth and continuous as they appear. Things are all in “ quanta’, small packets that are too small to see and even measure. Next, Quantum Mechanics does not stop with light. All things are quantized. Now, to Field Theory. Fields are simply a condition of points in space. Space is filled with Fields. - Particle Physics is our next pursuit. Mass and Energy are the same thing. Next theory and the math needed to create the Higgs Boson.
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- 1944 - Discovering the Higgs Boson.
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- 1811 - Dark Energy and the Higgs Field. One field is trying to compress space back to a point and the other field is trying to blow it apart into oblivion. We are luckily in the middle somehow.
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- 1805 - 2015 new discoveries in astronomy and physics. Higgs, gravity waves, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy.
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- 1748 - The science of empty space. Radio waves are ripples that travel through your body. Ripples in the Higgs Field are called Higgs Bosons.
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- 1577 - All things at their smallest level are ” quanta”, small packets too small to see of even to measure.
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- 1498 - What is the Higgs Boson? Fortunately anti-matter does not occupy our natural world in any stable form.
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- 1495 - Larger energies correspond to smaller distances. The Higgs Boson is 126 GeV.
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- 1423 - Peter Higgs wrote 2 papers in 1964 predicting the Boson to cause particles to have mass.
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- June 8, 2019
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