Sunday, June 23, 2019

Recent index of Astronomy Reviews

-   2390 -  MATH  - The Greeks Invented Numbers.  -   Pythagoras, 580 - 500 B.C., Greek mathematician credited with developing the theory of functions, the significance of numbers, and the Pythagorean theorem for right triangles, the square of the hypotenuse = the sum of the squares of the other two sides.  None of his works survived, only his lore.
-   2391  -  ENVIRONMENT  -  We are living in the Garden of Eden.  But, we do not seem to respect it enough.    Our consumption is piling up in our garbage and the waste that is polluting our garden environment.  Here is what it was like in our country when the Indians had it.
-   2392 -  -  BIG BANG  -  The Origins of Existence.  -  All radiation, stars, neutrinos, baryons are round off error in the summation of all mass and energy up to 100% of the Universe.  For 95% of this energy in the Universe, we do not know what it is.  We must leave something for you younger students to work on
.-   2393 -  UNIVERSE  -  The Age of the Universe.    The age of the Universe is 13,700,000,000 years, maybe.   Astronomers think that the Big Bang occurred 13,700,000,000 years ago and that the Universe has been expanding ever since.
-   2394  UNIVERSE  - The Universe is much different that what we see.  It is like a rainbow that we create in our minds.  The Universe is expanding at 47,000 miles per hour for every million lightyears distance.  Therefore the galaxies are no longer located where we see them. -  We create the Universe in our heads.  It is similar to how we create “rainbows’ in our heads.  Rainbows are not objects that really exist.-
-   2395 - HIGGS  BOSON  -  creator of all mass.  The Higgs Boson could seal the fate of the Universe.  It has been tagged in the media as the "God particle" when in 2012 it was discovered as a subatomic particle in the Large Hadron Collider.  The Higgs boson is part of the Higgs Field that permeates all of space-time.  It interacts with many particles, like electrons and quarks, providing those particles with mass.
-   2396 - PLANCK  -  the smallest things.  The answer to the enduring question of the smallest thing in the universe has evolved along with humanity. People once thought grains of sand were the building blocks of what we see around us.  Then the atom was discovered, and it was thought indivisible.
 -   2398 -  STRING  THEORY  - the Universe’s hidden dimensions.  -  It is the mathematics used to probe these small distances.  In order for this math to work it must use multiple dimensions.  The formulas work well with 10 dimensions of space and one of time.  The math works but are the dimensions real?  Could rolled up dimensions actually exist in space?   How many dimensions is the world we live in?  Lord only knows.
-   2399 -  RED DWARF STARS  -  Red dwarf stars make up the largest population of stars in the galaxy, but they hide in the shadows, too dim to be seen with the naked eye from Earth. Their limited radiance helps to extend their lifetimes, which are far greater than that of the sun.
-   2400 -   MATH - Equations are Sentences in Short Hand.   Equations are no different than text messaging.  You simply have to learn the short cuts in describing stuff in a different language.  Math is a language used to describe things.  Numbers are used to describe quantities.  The verb in most equations is simply “ is equal to”.
 -   2401 -  -  DARK  MATTER  -  absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.  To date, the direct detection efforts having to do with dark matter have come up empty. There are no interaction signals we’ve observed that require dark matter to explain them, or that aren’t consistent with Standard Model-only particles in our Universe.
-   2402  -  LIGHT  -  There is not enough light.  We can never understand the Universe by studying starlight.  There is just not enough of it.  Starlight comes from the energy, or radiation, from ordinary matter and ordinary matter comprises less than 5% of the Universe.  30% more is Dark Matter and 65% more is Dark Energy.  We need a telescope that can see in the ”Dark”. 
-  2403  -  The Periodic Table of Elements.  The elements are arranged in ascending atomic weight and later atomic number and arranged in columns for those having similar properties. The elements start with hydrogen, the simplest, with one proton in its nucleus and one electron in the orbit shells. As the elements get heavier more protons are in the nucleus and more electrons orbiting in the outer shells. 
-   2404 -  SPACE  -  vacuum of space?  Somehow the vacuum fluctuations in space are the source of the Dark Energy that is expanding the Universe at an every faster rate.  The cosmic vacuum can be viewed as a sea of elementary particles and their anti-particles that are continually appearing and disappearing, annihilating each other according to E=mc^2.  But, their lifetimes are so short as to never exceed Planck’s Uncertainty limit of Planck’s constant/2*pi.
-   2405 -  ABSOLUTE  ZERO  -  is not nothing.  Absolute Zero is the unattainable lower limit to temperature.  It is -273.15 degrees Centigrade, or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.  Heat itself is imponderable and not directly observable.  You have to measure its effect indirectly.
-   2406 -  ASTRONOMY  -  The Strange History of Astronomy.  The Universe is the way we see it because if it were any different we would not be here to observe it.  In order to explain black holes and exploding supernova in the most distant reaches of space we need to use quantum mechanics and particle physics.  From the very largest scale to the very smallest scale in the Universe.

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