Thursday, September 14, 2023

4100- Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150


            -  4100  -   Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150

            -     This index is of the 50 reviews from 4050  to 4100.  Indices of all previous reviews is available upon request.      Writing style is staccato with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few pages in total.  Comments are always welcome.  See https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net

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            ------------------  4100-  Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150

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            -     4100  -   WEBB TELESCOPE  -  sees most distant galaxy?      As astronomers push our views of the Universe further back in time, their telescopes keep uncovering surprises. That’s the case with a supermassive black hole in CEERS 1019, a distant very early galaxy.

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            -     4101  -   LIFE  ON  MARS?  -    The search for life on Mars has been a long a confusing one. Inconclusive experiments abound, but one thing is certain, there is definitely “organic” material on the Red Planet.

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            -    4102  -  DARK  STARS  -  did Webb just discover them?     Current theories about the Universe will need updating.  Webb has revealed what our universe looked like 13.5 billion years ago, when the first stars and galaxies took shape after the Big Bang.

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            -     4103  -    UNIVERSE  -  how old is it, really?     Well, it depends on the speed of light? The Universe could be twice as old if light is “tired” and physical constants change. When the James Webb Space Telescope started collecting data, it gave us an unprecedented view of the distant cosmos. Faint, redshifted galaxies seen by Hubble as mere smudges of light were revealed as objects of structure and form.

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            -     4104  -    ICE CUBE NEUTRINOS  -  seeing without photons?   The “IceCube Neutrino Observatory” has used 60,000 neutrinos to create the first map of the Milky Way made with matter and not light.  Seeing with neutrinos!

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            -     4105  -   LIGHT  SPEED  -  is it constant?    The phenomenon of light slowing down as it passes through a material like glass or air is one of the most fascinating areas of physics, involving a complex interaction between light and materials. There are three ways to look at the same situation, and each employs a different understanding of physics.

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            -     4106  -   LIFE  ON  MARS  -   Perseverance  explorations?  What happens if Perseverance finds life on Mars?   On February 18, 2023,  NASA’s Perseverance rover set landed in the Jezero crater on Mars and almost immediately transmitted its first image of the Martian.

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            -     4107  -   ATLANTIC  OCEAN  -  is heating up, why?       The ocean system, known as the “Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation” (AMOC) had previously been measured to be dramatically weakening in conjunction with rising ocean temperatures.

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            -     4108  -   PLANETARY  NEBULAE  -  the future for our sun?      Planetary nebulas are clouds of gas that are expelled by dying stars at the end of their lives. These can resemble butterflies or hourglasses with the smoldering remains of the star at their heart.

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            -     4109  -   DARK  MATTER  and  DARK  ENERGY ?    Dark energy and dark matter, constitute some of the biggest and most fascinating questions to exist in astronomy today. Neither phenomena can be seen by human eyes, yet still appear to be holding our universe together.

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            -    4110  -   EINSTEIN  CROSS  -   a new model for the Universe?     Astronomers have discovered a stunning, rare example of an "Einstein cross" splitting and magnifying light from the far depths of the universe.  One foreground elliptical galaxy, around 6 billion light-years from Earth, has warped and quadrisected a bright beam of light from a background galaxy about 11 billion light-years from our planet.

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            -     4111  -   RING  NEBUBLA  -  new studies using JWST?    The James Webb Space Telescope has imaged the “Ring Nebula” as a glowing green and purple eye, presenting the familiar panetary nebula in an altogether new light.  The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) images show the Ring Nebula, known as Messier 57 (M57), located around 2,200 light-years away, in intricate detail that will surprise even astronomers who are familiar with the object.

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            -     4112  -   MILKYWAY  -  new chemicals and ghost stars?       “Chemical cartography”, has unveiled new regions of our galaxy's stunning radial features populated by dense patches of young stars.   This could be crucial for astronomers seeking to understand our galaxy's evolution, shape and structure.

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            -    4113  -  NEUTRINOS  -  where do they come from?     Pinpointing cosmic neutrino sources opens up the possibility of using the particles as a new probe of fundamental physics. Researchers have shown that the neutrinos can be used to open cracks in the reigning Standard Model of particle physics and even test quantum descriptions of gravity.

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            -     4114 -   MODIFIED  GRAVITY  -  does MOND replace Dark Matter?   There is a smoking-gun evidence for modified gravity at low acceleration from Gaia observations of wide binary stars.   Evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity equation in the low acceleration limit from a verifiable analysis of the orbital motions of long-period, widely separated, binary stars, usually referred to as wide binaries.

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            -     4115 -    ROGUE  PLANETS  -    roaming without a sun?     There could be trillions of “Rogue Planets” wandering the Milky Way galaxy?   Rogue planets are free-floating exoplanets that drift through space unbound by the gravitational tug of a star. They can form within their own solar system and get ejected, or they can form independently.

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            -     4116 -  RING  NEBULAE  -   future of our solar systrem?  -    When dense patches of these clouds condense and collapse under their own gravity, they birth new stars that contain the material from stellar predecessors. That means objects like the Ring Nebula can weave a tale of stellar life and death.

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            -     4117 -   MOST  DISTANT  GALAXY?     Astronomers have begun measuring of the most distant star ever detected.  That star, known as “Earendel”, was discovered last year by the Hubble Space Telescope. It has taken 12.9 billion years for Earendel's light to reach Earth, meaning the star was shining less than a billion years after the Big Bang spurred our universe into existence.

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            -    4118  -   SUN  -  high energy flares?     Scientists discover the highest-energy light coming from the sun.  The sun is more surprising than we knew.  Astronomers thought we had this star figured out, but that's not the case.

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            -     4119 -   COMET  NEAR  EARTH?    Astronomers discover 'potentially hazardous' asteroid 600 feet wide.  This dangerous space rock was discovered for the first time by an Artificial  Intelligence”,AI algorithm.  August 13, 2023.

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            -     4120 -   WATER  ON  PLANETS?      Liquid water on Rocky Planets could be 100 times more likely than we thought.   It’s easy to think of Earth as a water world, with its vast oceans and beautiful lakes, but compared to many worlds, Earth is not particularly wet.

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            -     4121 -    MUON  AND  HIGGS - BOSON  PHYSICS.      The discovery of wobbling muons promises to spark a revolution in physics.  This tiny wobbling particle may be about to reveal a fifth force of nature.  Physicists have found more evidence that the muon, a subatomic particle, is wobbling far more than it should, and they think it's because an unknown force is pushing it.

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            -     4122 -   EARTH'S ORBITS  -  how many, how fast?     You'll travel nearly a trillion miles in your lifetime.  Everything in the universe is moving, and fast.   So how far, on average, does a person travel in their lifetime? The answer depends on whether you consider Earth as your vehicle.

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            -     4123   -  MILKYWAY  GALAXY  - what shape it's in?    The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral, and astronomers may finally know why it 'shape-shifted'.  A century-old mystery of how galaxies change shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions between galaxies.

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            -     4124 -   MARS  -  heliocopter explorations?      After 63 Days of silence, NASA has restored communications with the Mars Helicopter.  “Ingenuity” helicopter not only racked up several firsts for humanity, most notably the first powered flight of a craft on another planet, but it has provided both a new perspective and new scientific data to its operations team.

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            -     4125 -  REDSHIFT   -  tell us distance to galaxies?      Astronomers can't directly measure the distance of galaxies billions of light years away. Instead, they measure what is known as “redshift”, or “z”. In this case, they measured a particular wavelength of light emitted by oxygen known as “OIII”.

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            -    4126 -   OLDEST GALAXY  -  looking back in time?      Born less than 400 million years after the Big Bang, 'Maisie's galaxyz' is officially one of the four oldest galaxies ever discovered.  A fiery orange smudge representing Maisie's galaxy, one of the earliesrt galaxies in the known universe.

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            -     4127 -    STARS and  Magnetars?     On a basic level, a star is pretty simple. Gravity squeezes the star trying to collapse it, which causes the inner core to get extremely hot and dense. This triggers nuclear fusion, and the heat and pressure from that pushes back against gravity. The two forces balance each other while a star is in its main sequence state.

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            -     4128 -   GRAVITY  -   how gravity works?   There is evidence for “modified gravity” at low acceleration from Gaia observations of wide binary stars.   A new study reports conclusive evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity in the low acceleration limit from a verifiable analysis of the orbital motions of long-period, widely separated, binary stars.

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            -     4129 -   DARK  MATTER  EXISTS  -    Even though scientists are certain that dark matter exists because as all our universe's normal matter simply can't account for the way galaxies are held together.  Still we don't know what it is. We also don't really know where it is (though they have some ideas). And we definitely don't know what it looks like.

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            -     4130  -  MAGNETARS  -  the death of massive stars?     At least 29 known magnetars exist in the Milky Way Galaxy, visible to us through their X-ray and gamma-ray emissions. Eventually, the magnetic fields relax and fade and the emissions stop. That leaves behind a dead core. It’s likely that our galaxy has tens of millions of inactive magnetars.

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            -    4131  -  JAMES  WEBB  TELESCOPE  -  easrly galaxy discoveries?     Why is James Webb Telescope seeing in the infrared wsvelengths?  Why is this powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies that formed?

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            -    4132  -  LIGHT  -  the fastest known thing.     Light is faster than anything else in the known universe, though its speed can change depending on what it's passing through. Light slows down when it passes through air, glass, water, etc.  It is only fastest in a vacuum.

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            -     4133  -  EARLY  UNIVERSE -  is the same?    Scientists have made amazing progress in uncovering more and more information on how the Universe began and what conditions were like all those billions of years ago. Powerful infrared telescopes, especially the ground-breaking James Webb Space Telescope, have let astronomers study the ancient light from the early Universe.

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            -    4134  - DARK  MATTER  -  exists?    Our solar system is in a spiral arm of the Milky Way that is spinning, the Earth is orbiting the sun and the Earth rotates on its axis. This astronomical motion means the Earth is passing through the sea of dark matter particles, but from our perspective, that looks like dark matter particles are constantly bombarding the Earth and our detectors.

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            -    4135  - BLACK  HOLES  - many more found?  -   What has the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was discovering about black holes in one of its surveys of the Universe?    Six distant galaxies captured by JWST are wowing astronomers.  It’s truly studying parts of the Universe that just weren’t available to us technologically.

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            -     4136 -   COSMIC  MICROWAVE  BACKGROUND  -      The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB Radiation) verifies the fact that the universe is expanding. This is one of the most profound discoveries of the 20th century. This means that the universe was much smaller, denser, and hotter in the distant past.

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            -    4137  -    OLDEST  POPULATION  -  evidence of oldest humans?    86,000-year-old human bone found in Laos cave hints at 'failed population' from prehistory.  The discovery of a skull and shin bone fragment in a cave in Laos pushes back the earliest known date of Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.

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            -    4138  - WHIRLPOOL  GALAXY  -   with the James webb telescope.    The team behind that whirlpool portrait stated that "although Hubble is providing incisive views of the internal structure of galaxies such as M51, the planned James Webb Space Telescope is expected to produce even crisper images.

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            -     4139  - SPIRAL  GALAXIES  -  how to explain them?     The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral, and astronomers may finally know why it 'shape-shifted'.  A century-old mystery of how galaxies change shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions between cosmic titans.

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            -     4140  -   EARLIEST  GALAXY  -  rewriting the birth of the Universe?     Before the Webb telescope switched on in 2022, we could not even dream of confirming such faint galaxies.   The combination of JWST and the magnifying power of gravitational lensing is a revolution. We are rewriting the book on how galaxies formed and evolved in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang.

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            -     4141   -   SUPERNOVA  -  how exploding stars evolve?    The Pinwheel Galaxy, Messier 101 was observed on May 21, 2023, just four days after the light from the supernova “2023ixf “.  It was the nearest supernova since 2014,  21 million light years from Earth.

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            -    4142   -  EINSTEIN  CROSS  -  what causes it?        In 2021, the Gaia satellite found a dozen more “Einstein crosses” And, astronomers predict that more will be found as more powerful instruments and techniques perform surveys like Gaia’s.   More lenses like these will extend astronomy’s view to earlier epochs. They could perform as excellent probes of the dark matter distribution in the different epochs of cosmic time.

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            -     4143   -  GRAVITATIONAL  WAVES  - tell us about the Universe -    Scientists are reporting the first evidence that our Earth and the universe around us are awash in a background of spacetime undulations called “gravitational waves”. The waves oscillate very slowly over years and even decades and are thought to originate primarily from pairs of supermassive black holes leisurely spiraling together before they merge.

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            -     4144   -   MILKY WAY  -  birth of spiral galaxies?  -   The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral.  A century-old mystery of how galaxies change shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions between cosmic titans.  The "shape-shifting" nature of some galaxies has been solved, revealing in the process that our Milky Way galaxy did not always possess its familiar spiral appearance.

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            -    4145   -  OLDEST  METEORITE  -  older than the Earth?  -    Scientists have analyzed one of the oldest space rocks ever discovered. The data could reveal secrets about the solar system in its infancy during the birth of the planets and also help scientists better determine the ages of the oldest meteorites that fall to Earth.

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            -     4146   -    GRAVITATIONAL  WAVES  - changing our Universe?     The James Webb Spaxe Telescope is showing astronomers more of the Universe than we have ever seen before.  Problem is what we see is not what the theories say we should be seeing.  Maybe how the universe started is different than what we thought?

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            -     4147   -   EARLIEST  GALAXIES  -  James Webb new discoveries?   Before the Webb telescope switched on we could not even dream of confirming such a faint galaxy.  The combination of JWST and the magnifying power of gravitational lensing is a revolution. We are rewriting the book on how galaxies formed and evolved in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang.

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            -     4148   -   UNIVERSE  -   model of the beginning?     Our understanding of the Universe is rooted in a cosmological model known as LCDM. The CDM stands for Cold Dark Matter, where most of the matter in the universe isn’t stars and planets, but a strange form of matter that is dark and nearly invisible.

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            -      4149   -   BLACK HOLE  -   switched on?     A Black Hole switched on in the blink of an eye?   In 2019, astronomers discovered one of the most powerful transients ever seen, where astronomical objects change their brightness over a short period.  Astronomers were searching for the source of a gravitational wave (GW) that was thought to be caused by two massive objects merging in our galaxy.

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            June 13,2023        Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150                          4150                                                                                                                          

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            ---   Some reviews are at:  --------------     http://jdetrick.blogspot.com ----- 

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            ---  to:  ------    jamesdetrick@comcast.net  ------  “Jim Detrick”  -----------

            --------------------- ---  Thursday, September 14, 2023  ---------------------------

 

 

           

 

 

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