- 4100
- Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150
- This index is of the 50 reviews from
4050 to 4100. Indices of all previous reviews is available
upon request. Writing style is
stochatto with each paragraph an idea and limited to a few pages in total. Comments are always welcome. See https:://jimdetrick@blogspot.net
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------------------ 4100-
Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150
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- 4100 - WEBB TELESCOPE - sees
most distant galaxy? As astronomers
push our views of the Universe further back in time, their telescopes keep
uncovering surprises. That’s the case with a supermassive black hole in CEERS
1019, a distant very early galaxy.
-
- 4101
- LIFE ON
MARS? - The search for life on Mars has been a long
a confusing one. Inconclusive experiments abound, but one thing is certain,
there is definitely “organic” material on the Red Planet.
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- 4102
- DARK STARS
- did Webb just discover
them? Current theories about the
Universe will need updating. Webb has
revealed what our universe looked like 13.5 billion years ago, when the first
stars and galaxies took shape after the Big Bang.
-
- 4103
- UNIVERSE - how
old is it, really? Well, it depends
on the speed of light? The Universe could be twice as old if light is “tired”
and physical constants change. When the James Webb Space Telescope started
collecting data, it gave us an unprecedented view of the distant cosmos. Faint,
redshifted galaxies seen by Hubble as mere smudges of light were revealed as
objects of structure and form.
-
- 4104
- ICE CUBE NEUTRINOS -
seeing without photons? The
“IceCube Neutrino Observatory” has used 60,000 neutrinos to create the first
map of the Milky Way made with matter and not light. Seeing with neutrinos!
-
- 4105
- LIGHT SPEED
- is it constant? The phenomenon of light slowing down as it
passes through a material like glass or air is one of the most fascinating
areas of physics, involving a complex interaction between light and materials.
There are three ways to look at the same situation, and each employs a
different understanding of physics.
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- 4106 - LIFE
ON MARS - Perseverance explorations?
What happens if Perseverance finds life on Mars? On February 18, 2023, NASA’s Perseverance rover set landed in the
Jezero crater on Mars and almost immediately transmitted its first image of the
Martian.
-
- 4107
- ATLANTIC OCEAN
- is heating up, why? The ocean system, known as the “Atlantic
Meridional Overturning Circulation” (AMOC) had previously been measured to be
dramatically weakening in conjunction with rising ocean temperatures.
-
- 4108
- PLANETARY NEBULAE
- the future for our sun? Planetary nebulas are clouds of gas that
are expelled by dying stars at the end of their lives. These can resemble
butterflies or hourglasses with the smoldering remains of the star at their
heart.
-
- 4109
- DARK MATTER
and DARK ENERGY ?
Dark energy and dark matter, constitute some of the biggest and most
fascinating questions to exist in astronomy today. Neither phenomena can be
seen by human eyes, yet still appear to be holding our universe together.
-
- 4110
- EINSTEIN CROSS
- a new model for the
Universe? Astronomers have discovered
a stunning, rare example of an "Einstein cross" splitting and
magnifying light from the far depths of the universe. One foreground elliptical galaxy, around 6
billion light-years from Earth, has warped and quadrisected a bright beam of
light from a background galaxy about 11 billion light-years from our planet.
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- 4111 - RING
NEBUBLA - new studies using JWST? The James Webb Space Telescope has imaged
the “Ring Nebula” as a glowing green and purple eye, presenting the familiar
panetary nebula in an altogether new light.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) images show the Ring Nebula, known
as Messier 57 (M57), located around 2,200 light-years away, in intricate detail
that will surprise even astronomers who are familiar with the object.
-
- 4112 - MILKYWAY
- new chemicals and ghost
stars? “Chemical cartography”, has
unveiled new regions of our galaxy's stunning radial features populated by
dense patches of young stars. This
could be crucial for astronomers seeking to understand our galaxy's evolution,
shape and structure.
-
- 4113
- NEUTRINOS -
where do they come from?
Pinpointing cosmic neutrino sources opens up the possibility of using
the particles as a new probe of fundamental physics. Researchers have shown
that the neutrinos can be used to open cracks in the reigning Standard Model of
particle physics and even test quantum descriptions of gravity.
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- 4114 -
MODIFIED GRAVITY - does
MOND replace Dark Matter? There is a
smoking-gun evidence for modified gravity at low acceleration from Gaia
observations of wide binary stars.
Evidence for the breakdown of standard gravity equation in the low
acceleration limit from a verifiable analysis of the orbital motions of
long-period, widely separated, binary stars, usually referred to as wide
binaries.
-
- 4115 -
ROGUE PLANETS -
roaming without a sun? There
could be trillions of “Rogue Planets” wandering the Milky Way galaxy? Rogue planets are free-floating exoplanets
that drift through space unbound by the gravitational tug of a star. They can
form within their own solar system and get ejected, or they can form
independently.
-
- 4116 -
RING NEBULAE -
future of our solar systrem?
- When dense patches of these
clouds condense and collapse under their own gravity, they birth new stars that
contain the material from stellar predecessors. That means objects like the
Ring Nebula can weave a tale of stellar life and death.
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- 4117 -
MOST DISTANT GALAXY?
Astronomers have begun measuring of the most distant star ever
detected. That star, known as
“Earendel”, was discovered last year by the Hubble Space Telescope. It has
taken 12.9 billion years for Earendel's light to reach Earth, meaning the star
was shining less than a billion years after the Big Bang spurred our universe
into existence.
-
- 4118
- SUN - high
energy flares? Scientists discover
the highest-energy light coming from the sun.
The sun is more surprising than we knew.
Astronomers thought we had this star figured out, but that's not the
case.
-
- 4119 -
COMET NEAR EARTH?
Astronomers discover 'potentially hazardous' asteroid 600 feet
wide. This dangerous space rock was
discovered for the first time by an Artificial
Intelligence”,AI algorithm.
August 13, 2023.
-
- 4120 -
WATER ON PLANETS?
Liquid water on Rocky Planets could be 100 times more likely than we
thought. It’s easy to think of Earth as
a water world, with its vast oceans and beautiful lakes, but compared to many
worlds, Earth is not particularly wet.
-
- 4121 -
MUON AND HIGGS - BOSON
PHYSICS. The discovery of
wobbling muons promises to spark a revolution in physics. This tiny wobbling particle may be about to
reveal a fifth force of nature.
Physicists have found more evidence that the muon, a subatomic particle,
is wobbling far more than it should, and they think it's because an unknown
force is pushing it.
-
- 4122 -
EARTH'S ORBITS - how many, how fast? You'll travel nearly a trillion miles in
your lifetime. Everything in the
universe is moving, and fast. So how
far, on average, does a person travel in their lifetime? The answer depends on
whether you consider Earth as your vehicle.
-
- 4123 - MILKYWAY
GALAXY - what shape it's in? The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral, and
astronomers may finally know why it 'shape-shifted'. A century-old mystery of how galaxies change
shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions
between galaxies.
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- 4124 -
MARS - heliocopter explorations? After 63 Days of silence, NASA has
restored communications with the Mars Helicopter. “Ingenuity” helicopter not only racked up
several firsts for humanity, most notably the first powered flight of a craft
on another planet, but it has provided both a new perspective and new
scientific data to its operations team.
-
- 4125 -
REDSHIFT - tell us distance to galaxies? Astronomers can't directly measure the
distance of galaxies billions of light years away. Instead, they measure what
is known as “redshift”, or “z”. In this case, they measured a particular
wavelength of light emitted by oxygen known as “OIII”.
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- 4126 -
OLDEST GALAXY - looking back in time? Born less than 400 million years after
the Big Bang, 'Maisie's galaxyz' is officially one of the four oldest galaxies
ever discovered. A fiery orange smudge
representing Maisie's galaxy, one of the earliesrt galaxies in the known
universe.
-
- 4127 -
STARS and Magnetars? On a basic level, a star is pretty simple.
Gravity squeezes the star trying to collapse it, which causes the inner core to
get extremely hot and dense. This triggers nuclear fusion, and the heat and
pressure from that pushes back against gravity. The two forces balance each
other while a star is in its main sequence state.
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- 4128 -
GRAVITY - how gravity works? There is evidence for “modified gravity” at
low acceleration from Gaia observations of wide binary stars. A new study reports conclusive evidence for
the breakdown of standard gravity in the low acceleration limit from a verifiable
analysis of the orbital motions of long-period, widely separated, binary stars.
-
- 4129 -
DARK MATTER EXISTS
- Even though scientists are
certain that dark matter exists because as all our universe's normal matter
simply can't account for the way galaxies are held together. Still we don't know what it is. We also don't
really know where it is (though they have some ideas). And we definitely don't
know what it looks like.
-
- 4130
- MAGNETARS - the
death of massive stars? At least 29
known magnetars exist in the Milky Way Galaxy, visible to us through their
X-ray and gamma-ray emissions. Eventually, the magnetic fields relax and fade
and the emissions stop. That leaves behind a dead core. It’s likely that our
galaxy has tens of millions of inactive magnetars.
-
- 4131
- JAMES WEBB
TELESCOPE - easrly galaxy discoveries? Why is James Webb Telescope seeing in the
infrared wsvelengths? Why is this
powerful infrared observatory key to seeing the first stars and galaxies that
formed in the universe? Why do we even want to see the first stars and galaxies
that formed?
-
- 4132
- LIGHT - the
fastest known thing. Light is faster
than anything else in the known universe, though its speed can change depending
on what it's passing through. Light slows down when it passes through air,
glass, water, etc. It is only fastest in
a vacuum.
-
- 4133
- EARLY UNIVERSE -
is the same? Scientists have
made amazing progress in uncovering more and more information on how the
Universe began and what conditions were like all those billions of years ago.
Powerful infrared telescopes, especially the ground-breaking James Webb Space
Telescope, have let astronomers study the ancient light from the early
Universe.
-
- 4134
- DARK MATTER -
exists? Our solar system is in
a spiral arm of the Milky Way that is spinning, the Earth is orbiting the sun
and the Earth rotates on its axis. This astronomical motion means the Earth is
passing through the sea of dark matter particles, but from our perspective,
that looks like dark matter particles are constantly bombarding the Earth and
our detectors.
-
-
4135 - BLACK HOLES
- many more found? - What has the new James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST) was discovering about black holes in one of its surveys of the
Universe? Six distant galaxies
captured by JWST are wowing astronomers.
It’s truly studying parts of the Universe that just weren’t available to
us technologically.
-
- 4136 -
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
- The cosmic microwave background
radiation (CMB Radiation) verifies the fact that the universe is expanding.
This is one of the most profound discoveries of the 20th century. This means
that the universe was much smaller, denser, and hotter in the distant past.
-
- 4137
- OLDEST POPULATION
- evidence of oldest humans? 86,000-year-old human bone found in Laos
cave hints at 'failed population' from prehistory. The discovery of a skull and shin bone
fragment in a cave in Laos pushes back the earliest known date of Homo sapiens
in Southeast Asia.
-
- 4138
- WHIRLPOOL GALAXY -
with the James webb telescope.
The team behind that whirlpool portrait stated that "although
Hubble is providing incisive views of the internal structure of galaxies such
as M51, the planned James Webb Space Telescope is expected to produce even
crisper images.
-
- 4139 - SPIRAL GALAXIES
- how to explain them? The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral, and
astronomers may finally know why it 'shape-shifted'. A century-old mystery of how galaxies change
shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions
between cosmic titans.
-
- 4140
- EARLIEST GALAXY
- rewriting the birth of the
Universe? Before the Webb telescope
switched on in 2022, we could not even dream of confirming such faint galaxies. The combination of JWST and the magnifying
power of gravitational lensing is a revolution. We are rewriting the book on
how galaxies formed and evolved in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang.
-
- 4141
- SUPERNOVA - how
exploding stars evolve? The Pinwheel
Galaxy, Messier 101 was observed on May 21, 2023, just four days after the
light from the supernova “2023ixf “. It
was the nearest supernova since 2014, 21
million light years from Earth.
-
- 4142 - EINSTEIN
CROSS - what causes it? In 2021, the Gaia satellite found a
dozen more “Einstein crosses” And, astronomers predict that more will be found
as more powerful instruments and techniques perform surveys like Gaia’s. More lenses like these will extend
astronomy’s view to earlier epochs. They could perform as excellent probes of
the dark matter distribution in the different epochs of cosmic time.
-
- 4143
- GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
- tell us about the Universe -
Scientists are reporting the first evidence that our Earth and the
universe around us are awash in a background of spacetime undulations called
“gravitational waves”. The waves oscillate very slowly over years and even
decades and are thought to originate primarily from pairs of supermassive black
holes leisurely spiraling together before they merge.
-
- 4144
- MILKY WAY -
birth of spiral galaxies? - The Milky Way wasn't always a spiral. A century-old mystery of how galaxies change
shapes has been solved by considering 'survival of the fittest' collisions
between cosmic titans. The
"shape-shifting" nature of some galaxies has been solved, revealing
in the process that our Milky Way galaxy did not always possess its familiar
spiral appearance.
-
- 4145 - OLDEST
METEORITE - older than the Earth? -
Scientists have analyzed one of the oldest space rocks ever discovered.
The data could reveal secrets about the solar system in its infancy during the
birth of the planets and also help scientists better determine the ages of the
oldest meteorites that fall to Earth.
-
- 4146
- GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
- changing our Universe? The
James Webb Spaxe Telescope is showing astronomers more of the Universe than we
have ever seen before. Problem is what
we see is not what the theories say we should be seeing. Maybe how the universe started is different
than what we thought?
-
- 4147 - EARLIEST
GALAXIES - James Webb new discoveries? Before the Webb telescope switched on we
could not even dream of confirming such a faint galaxy. The combination of JWST and the magnifying
power of gravitational lensing is a revolution. We are rewriting the book on
how galaxies formed and evolved in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang.
-
- 4148
- UNIVERSE -
model of the beginning? Our
understanding of the Universe is rooted in a cosmological model known as LCDM.
The CDM stands for Cold Dark Matter, where most of the matter in the universe
isn’t stars and planets, but a strange form of matter that is dark and nearly
invisible.
-
- 4149 - BLACK HOLE
- switched on? A Black Hole switched on in the blink of
an eye? In 2019, astronomers discovered
one of the most powerful transients ever seen, where astronomical objects
change their brightness over a short period.
Astronomers were searching for the source of a gravitational wave (GW)
that was thought to be caused by two massive objects merging in our galaxy.
-
-
June
13,2023 Index of Reviews 4100 to 4150 4150
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--- Sunday, October 29,
2023 ---------------------------
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