Saturday, October 7, 2023

4180 - BEFORE THE BIG BANG ?

 

-    4180   -   BEFORE  THE  BIG  BANG ?      Approximately 13,000,000,000 billion years ago, the greatest event in all of existence occurred that literally created existence itself. This event is known as the Big Bang, and it’s responsible for the estimated septillion number of stars that are scattered across the vast reaches of the unknown, including the one our small, blue world orbits.


---------------------  4180   -  BEFORE  THE  BIG  BANG ?

-    Other than knowing the Big Bang occurred, what exactly is the Big Bang?  The Big Bang is a scientific theory describing the sudden growth of our observable universe approximately 13.79 billion years ago when the universe was only 10^-43 seconds old. -

-    This expansion lasted about 10^-32 seconds and involved two stages, the pre-inflation stage from 10^-43 s to 10^-36 s, followed by the inflation stage from 10^-36 s to 10^-32 s.

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-    At the start of the Big Bang, the energy density of the universe was extremely high, on the order of 10^19 GeV (Planck energy) per (10^-35 meter)3 (Planck volume). The temperature of the universe was around 10^32 Kelvin (Planck temperature). The inflationary stage enlarged the length scale of the present observable universe be at least a factor of e^60 ~ 10^26.”

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-   The universe came into existence both extremely hot and extremely dense, but also started expanding very quickly, as in within a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang when quarks began clustering together to form protons and neutrons. Within minutes, these protons and neutrons also clustered to form nuclei. After this, however, was when matter started to form much more slowly, as it took another 380,000 years for electrons to begin orbiting these nuclei, thus creating the first atoms.

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-    It is hypothesized these atoms consisted primarily of hydrogen and helium, which remain the most plentiful elements throughout the universe to this day. It took another 150 - 200 million years for the first stars to form from these hydrogen and helium elements, which resulted in the creation of oxygen, carbon, and iron being formed within these stars, later to be blasted throughout the cosmos after some of these stars explode as supernovae.

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-    The further we examine and resolve remaining questions, especially finer details, of the Big Bang, the better we will understand how our universe came to be.   Hopefully, that knowledge will one day reach a level of completeness that enables humankind to accurately determine whether or not our universe is one among a multitude, the theoretical set of these often referred to as a multiverse.

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-   One of the most puzzling questions throughout the scientific and public communities is what happened before the Big Bang? There are several working hypotheses for what happened before the Big Bang, with one being known as the “chaotic inflation theory”, which calls for our universe being a part of a grander multiverse that popped out from another universe. Another hypothesis calls for our universe being the other end of a black hole, which we are referred to as a “white hole”. This could help explain what happens when you fall into a black hole, aside from spaghettification.

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-   One  “string theory” prediction calls for “a vast number of small cycles of “ pre-inflation growth”, where space expands before contracting again, followed by a massive expansion. The second prediction involves “branes” where inflation occurs followed by a slower rate of expansion until everything just stops and moves backwards from dark energy reversing its course, “as if time turned backwards”, which results in a “Big Crunch”, then finishes with a “Big Bounce”.

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-    While the universe might have started with a bang, the question remains as to how it will end? Currently, there are a myriad of hypotheses pertaining to how the universe will end: Heat Death or Big Freeze, Big Rip, Big Crunch, and Big Bounce.

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-    For the Heat Death/Big Freeze scenario, the universe is predicted to expand forever, resulting in heat throughout the universe to be evenly distributed and unusable. For the Big Rip scenario, the universe is predicted to be torn apart by dark energy getting stronger and stronger until the forces of attraction (dark matter) fail to keep everything together.

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-    For the Big Crunch scenario the universe is predicted to collapse on itself until it turns into the most massive black hole in existence, with everything being sucked into it forever. For the Big Bounce, the universe is predicted to continue an endless cycle of expansion and contraction forever.

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-    Based on the (near) constant current low acceleration due to constant dark energy expect the observable universe to expand forever.

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-    Around 100 billion years in the future, galactic clusters will become isolated from each other. Eventually, individual galaxies will become isolated, as well. With that, we would effectively be returning to the cosmology imagined by Einstein and physicists of the early 20th century: that the only galaxy in existence was the Milky Way and the entire universe was not much larger than our Milky Way. Cosmologists have calculated that the dark energy is not strong enough to pull apart most galaxies. So, here it would stop.

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October 7,  2023            BEFORE  THE  BIG  BANG ?                     4180

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--------------------- ---  Saturday, October 7, 2023  ---------------------------------

 

 

 

 

 

           

 

 

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