- Our 3 pound brains count on light traveling instantaneously and in a straight line. When this does not happen our brains are in a house of mirrors and we have to over-think it to understand what’s going on.
-
- For astronomers it is light being bent by gravity. Light is not traveling in a straight line at all. It is not instantaneous, but, traveling at a fixed speed, 670,633,500 miles per hour. If the light is taking different paths it will arrive at different times. This is mind bending as well as light bending.
-
- In 1704 Isaac Newton wrote a paper claiming light was stream of infinitesimally small particles called corpuscles. He assumed they had mass and would be susceptible to the pull of gravity. He was ½ right.
-
- In 1800’s Thomas Young did the 2-slit experiment and showed that light was a wave because the 2 slits transmitted an interference pattern on the screen behind the slits. Only a wave could do this. He claimed light was a wave, and massless, and not influenced by gravity. He was ½ right.
-
- In the 1900’s quantum physics concluded that light was both a wave and a particle called a photon. Wave-particle duality was described in Einstein’s Theory of Relativity claming light was massless but its trajectory would still be changed by gravity because light energy was the same as mass, E = mc^2. He was right.
-
- In 1919 a total solar eclipse was used to “ prove” light was bent as it passed by the rim of the Sun’s immense gravity. The background stars shifted because light was not traveling in a straight line as it zipped past the Sun. We could only see those background stars during a solar eclipse.
-
- The bending of light by gravity was re-discovered in 1979 when viewing Twin Quasar, SPS 0957+561, which in fact was multiple images of the same object. G2237+305 was a distant quasar that appeared as four separate images.
-
- A brightness change in one image would repeat itself 14 months later in another image. Warped space from massive gravity of an intermediate galaxy causes one light path to travel more than 1 - lightyear farther distance to reach us. The Quasar was 8.7billion lightyears away. The foreground galaxy along our line of sight was 3.7 billion lightyears away.
-
- To learn how gravity lensing measures mass, or, weighs a galaxy cluster were using RCS2-032727-132623. You would think astronomers could figure out more romantic names for these galaxies. RCS2 is 5.4 billion lightyears away in the Constellation Cetus the Whale. A blue galaxy was directly behind this galaxy cluster at 9.7 billion lightyears. The gravity lens ring that Hubble imaged was 38 arc seconds in diameter.
-
- The diameter of the gravity lens ring is directly proportional to the mass and the separation of the two galaxies and indirectly proportional to the product of their distances.
-
---------------------a^2 = M * 4* G ( d - D ) // c*2 * d * D
-
- There are several constants of proportionality. Setting mass as function of ring diameter and distances the formula becomes:
-
------------------- M = a^2 * c*2 * d * D //4* G ( d - D )
-
------------------ M = the mass in kilograms . 1 Solar Mass = 2*10^30 kilograms
------------------ a = angular diameter is 38 arc seconds, 1 radian = 2.06265 * 10^5 arcseconds. 1 arc second = 4.848 *10^-6 radians
------------------ D = distance to the cluster = 5.4*10^9 lightyears, 1 lightyear = 9.5 * 10^15 meters.
------------------ d = distance to the blue galaxy = 9.7*10^9 lightyears
------------------- c = speed of light = 3*10^8 meters per second
------------------ G = Gravitational constant = 6.67*10^-11 m^3 / ( kg*sec^2)
-
------------------- a = 1.842 *10^-4 radians
-------------------- a^2 = 3.33 *10^-8 radians^2
------------------- c^2 = 9 * 10^16 m^2 / sec^2
------------------- D = 51.3 *10^24 meters
------------------- d = 92.2 *10^24 meters
------------------- d*D = 4727*10^48 meters^2
------------------ (d-D) = 40.85*10^24 meters
-
---------------- M = (3.33 *10^-8) * (9 * 10^16) * ( 4.727*10^51 ) // 4* 6.67*10^-11 *(40.85*10^24)
-
----------------- M = (radians^2) * (m^2/sec^2) * (m^2) * kg * sec^2 // (m*3) * (m)
-
--------------- M = = 144.2*10^59// 1089*10^13
-
---------------- M = = 0.1325* 10^46 kilograms / 2*10^30 kilograms / Solar Mass
-
---------------- M = = 6.6 10^14 Solar Mass
-
----------------- 1 Galaxy Mass = 10^12 Solar Mass
-
--------------- M = 660 Galactic Mass.
-
- THE MASS OF THE CLUSTER IS 660 TIMES THE MASS OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- The mass of he galaxy cluster can also be measured by the orbital velocity of the galaxies about the center of gravity. The average velocity = v = 988 kilometers per second. The average radius of orbit = R = 9.5 *10^6 lightyears.
-
- The velocity is directly proportional to the mass and inversely proportional to the radius of orbit.
-
---------------------------- v^2 = G * M / R
-
--------------------------- M = v^2 * R / G
-
---------------------------- M = (9.88*10^5)^2 * 90.25*10^15 / 6.67*10^-11
-
------------------------- M = 6.6 *10^14 Solar Mass.
-
-------------------------- M = 660 Galactic Mass
-
- Astronomers use this formula a lot and it is easier to convert the Constant of proportionality into the arc seconds and lightyear units and Solar Mass units most commonly used. In this case the formula changes:
-
-------------------- M = a^2 * c*2 * d * D //4* G ( d - D ) in radians, kilograms, and meters
-
--------------- Constant = (0.4848 *10^-5 ) ^2 * ( 3*10^9 )^2 * 9.5 *10^15 m/LY )^2 // 4 * (6.67*10^-11 ) * (9.5*10^15 ) * (2*10^30 )
-
------------- Constant = (radians^2) * (m^2 / sec^2) * ( m^2 / LY^2) * (kg*sec^2) * (LY) * ( Solar Mass) // (m^3) * (m) * ( kg )
-
--------------- Constant = 40
-
------------------ M = 40 * a^2 * d*D // ( d-D)
-
- A MUCH SIMPER FORMULA when the units are in arc seconds , lightyears, and Solar Mass:
-
------------------- M = 40 * (38^2) * (5.4 * 10^9) * (9.7*10^9) // ( 9.7 - 5.4)* 10^9
-
-------------------- M = 40*(1.444*10^3)* ( 52.38*10^18) // ( 4.3*10^9)
-
--------------------- M = 7 * 10^14 Solar Mass
-
-------------------- M = 700 Galactic Mass
-
- THE GALAXY CLUSTER THAT IS BETWEEN US AND THE QUASAR IS AS LARGE AS 700 MILKY WAY GALAXIES ALL GRAVITATIONAL BOUND TOGETHER.
-
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net. ---- “Jim Detrick” -- www.facebook.com, -- www.twitter.com, -- 707-536-3272 Friday, December 21, 2012
No comments:
Post a Comment