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- 2038 - EVOLUTION and Supernovae. - Review 2037 was about evolution of life extinctions on Earth affected by dark matter. This Review 2038 looks for other explanations for the periodic extinctions that occurred every 30,000,000 years. We owe it to Dark Matter, lightning, cosmic rays, supernovae, and God. Otherwise we would still be in the trees.
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--------------- - 2038 - EVOLUTION and Supernovae
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- Review 2037 was about evolution of life extinctions on Earth affected by dark matter. This Review 2038 looks for other explanations for the periodic extinctions that occurred every 30,000,000 years.
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- Could supernovae be the cause of mass extinctions ?
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- About 2.6 million years ago a supernova appeared in our night sky brighter than a full moon. Nothing happens for a million years after the supernova is first sighted. Then the rate of lightning increases. This create fires that destroyed trees and created the grass lands. This challenged early humans to adapt to a whole new environment.
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- Life threatening events like supernovae, gamma ray bursts, and solar flares occur every hundred million years. Do these events cause mass extinctions on Earth? We know they can destroy the ozone layer and that the ultraviolet radiation can damage life on the surface.
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- Some evidence of the supernova event 2.6million years ago is found in the isotope
iron-60. Stable iron has 26 protons and 30 neutrons. Iron-60 has four extra neutrons that radioactive decay with a half life of 2.6 million years. Because our planet is 4,500 million years old no original radioactive iron-60 should be left.
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- Scientists date a supernovae event happening 2.6 million years ago by finding iron-60 isotopes in soil sediments. Giant stars have short lives and a group born together may explode as supernovae together. Evidence is strong that supernovae occurred at a distance of 300 lightyears 2.5 million years ago.
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- 90% of cosmic rays are protons. Most have energies small enough that they are deflected by the Earth’s magnetic field and appear as northern lights over the North Pole. Most are a few hundred million electron volts, however, some outliers can hit us as high as 10^21 electron volts
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- Most of this cosmic ray energy is lost on the molecules in the upper atmosphere because they get ionized. Ionization means the neutral atoms loose their electrons and the nucleus retains its positive charge.
- Muons are heavy electrons that can come out of these collisions. They decay in a few microseconds. However, they are moving fast enough to still hit the ground. There are about 10,000 hits per square meter at ground level every minute. They amount to about 17% of the total radiation our bodies receive.
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- An influx of muons might explain the acceleration of mutations over the last few million years due to this radiation.
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- Radiation can also affect the upper atmosphere creating an increase in lightning. Lightning starts with a leader , a path of increased ionization in which an electric field can accelerate free electrons. A cascade of accelerated electrons knocks out more electrons and the electric current grows into a lightning bolt.
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- Lightning ignites forest fires. The American Great Plans were kept as grasslands by lightning set wild fires. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa was converted from forest to grassland in a similar manner. This conversion may have forced our ancestors out of tress into the grasslands walking upright and hunting for food.
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- Adapting to changing environmental conditions caused our brains to develop in order to survive. Development continued until you could read this review. You owe it to Dark Matter, lightning, cosmic rays, supernovae, and God. Otherwise we would still be in the trees.
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------------------------- Sunday, March 11, 2018 --------------------------------
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