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- 2047 - How Galaxies Form and Grow. Running the state of the art project using a mathematical model to form the universe. It sheds new light on how blackholes shape the cosmos and how galaxies from and grow. Astronomers have discovered that all galaxy disks rotate about one rotation in a billion years. This is regardless of their size or mass.
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------------------------ 2047 - - How Galaxies Form and Grow.
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------------------------ 2047 - - How Galaxies Form and Grow.
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- Running the state of the art project using a mathematical model to form the universe. It sheds new light on how blackholes shape the cosmos and how galaxies from and grow.
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- The mass-energy density of the universe is dominated by dark matter and dark energy. The model starts with precise predictions about what we can see that is not dark in stars, diffuse gas, galaxies organized into a cosmic web of sheets, filaments, and voids
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- Most galaxies host a massive blackhole at their centers. Blackholes must have a profound influence on the evolution of galaxies and their formation.
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- Galaxies in their star-forming phase shine brightly in blue light because of young stars. When star formation ends the galaxy is dominated by older, redder stars. The only physical entity capable of extinguishing these star formation is the super massive blackhole at the center.
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- As the blackhole feeds it creates a shockwave that blows star forming gas and dust out of the galaxy. That in turn limits how many stars can form. The existing stars age and turn red with fewer and fewer blue stars.
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- Astronomers have discovered that all galaxy disks rotate about one rotation in a billion years. This is regardless of their size or mass. This rotation is measured at the extreme edge of the disk.
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- Despite intuition you do not find dense galaxies rotating quickly while lower density galaxies rotating more slowly. These measurements were made of neutral hydrogen in the outer disk of many galaxies.
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- Ranging from small dwarf irregular galaxies to massive spiral galaxies differing in size and rotational velocities. Using this data to calculate the rotational period of the outer rims of the galaxies all were roughly one billion years per rotation.
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- This discovery raises more questions. How does dark matter enter into this picture? All galaxies appear to rotate like solid units, like a phonograph record. They do not operate like gravitationally independent stars rotating around a large center of mass. We expected galaxies to operate like our Solar System. Not so!
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- Our Solar System rotates around the galaxy in 250 million years. The galaxy’s outer fringes are 50,000 lightyears further out from the center. How do we reconcile that outer edge taking 1,000 million years to rotate? That is four times slower? We have more to learn!
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- The actual velocities measured were “circular velocities“. This is not the same as “radial velocities“. And, how is this compared to “orbital velocities“? We have more to learn? Like when Kepler discovered that the planets orbiting the Sun sweep out equal areas in equal times. That means that planets closest to the Sun move faster and those further from the Sun move slower. That is the way our Solar System works.
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- Newton took that knowledge and did the math to show the “orbital velocity” varied at 1/(radius squared) due to the gravitational force. The force of gravity varies directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. “G” is the constant of proportionality that depends on the units used in the calculation.
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------------------------------- G = 6.67 * 10^-11 meters^3 / kilograms * seconds^2
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--------------------------------- F = G * m * M / r^2
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--------------------------------- Force = Newtons = kg *m / s^2
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--------------------------------- force = mass * acceleration - m*a
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- Ok who is going to come up with the galactic dynamics that model the outer rim of galaxies? How can orbital periods all be roughly the same for all galaxies big and small and be roughly 1 billion years?
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- If it takes one billion years to rotate, then 1/100th of a degree of rotation takes 27,800 years. How is it possible to measure that? We have more to learn. That is why I write these reviews. I hope you learn something too.
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- HERE ARE OTHER REVIEWS AVAILABLE ON THE SUBJECT:
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- 1994. - How. Many galaxies are there? About 2 trillion galaxies each with a billion stars. Olber’s Paradox answers the question, “ Why is the night sky dark when there all those stars out there?”
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- 1887. - Astronomers have mapped 8,000 galaxies with positions and velocities. The 3-D picture is one of voids, sheets, filaments, and nodes. How are these measurements made? Your path around the galaxy is traveling at 504,000 miles per hour. What is the observable universe expanding in to?
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- 1832. - Dwarf galaxies and WIMPS. Dwarf galaxies are the oldest at 10 billion years old. If you lived inside Tuscanae 47 you could se 570,000 stars with the naked eye. Bibliography lists 7 more reviews about galaxies.
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- 1813. - Galactic storms , quakes, and waves occur across our galaxy. Estimates are that dark matter is 85% of all the matter in these galaxies. Learn how Cepheid stars are used to calculate distances.
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- 1760. - The birth of galaxies. When then light waves travel through space they are stretched out to wider wavelengths because space expanding. Astronomers always look backwards in time. We all do, but, their time is longer. Why do larger galaxies stop growing? How do galaxies regulate star formation?
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- 13. - How to weigh a galaxy? Does the math for all 9 planets, including Pluto. Half the mass of the galaxy is inside the Sun’s orbit and half is outside, including dark matter?
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- 1132. - Why don’t galaxies follow the laws of gravity? The period, circumference of orbit, velocity of orbit is calculated for each of the planets. Also for the period of the galaxy’s rotation.
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- 53. - The farthest galaxy in our universe. How redshift calculates distances. Why is energy, wavelength, and frequency all related.
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- 892. - How galaxies grow up. Using radio telescopes with spectrometers astronomers have discovered over 100 different molecules in outer space. A lot of what galaxies become depends on their environments.
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- 1585. - Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies will collide. The universe is expanding and galaxies are flying away from each other, except those close together enough to be gravitationally locked. In 4 billion years our two galaxies will pass through each other.
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- 933. - Galaxy evolution. Elliptical, spiral, irregular. Dark matter helped form the galaxies. Most galaxies have a black hole at their center. Galaxies grow in size through mergers. Tidal forces are especially strong around blackholes.
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- 1121. - Why do we think there is a blackhole at the center of our galaxy? Astronomers have been tracking stars orbiting Sagittarius A for 10 years. The diameter of the blackhole is 31 million miles.
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- 662. - What galaxies tells us about the universe? Calculations tell us that the furtherot from the center of galaxies the rotational velocity remains essentially the same.
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- 1120. - What happens when galaxies collide? Our Local Group has some 40 galaxies. The total ass is 3,000,000,000,000 Solar Mass. In 100,000,000,000 years from now all the rest of then observable universe will disappear.
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--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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------------------------- Saturday, March 31, 2018 --------------------------------
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