- 3082 - UNIVERSE - how to create one? The beginning is the easy part. First you start with nothing. Who would have thought of that? This all happened around 13,700,000,000 years ago. That was when the universe sprang out of nothing. We still don't know the conditions under which the universe first formed, and whether there was a time before time. But, here is our best scientific guess.
------------------- 3082 - UNIVERSE - how to create one?
- With telescope observations and models of particle physics, researchers have been able to piece together a rough timeline of major events in the universe's life. Here are some of the universe's most important historical moments, from its infancy to its eventual death.
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- It all starts at the “Big Bang“, of course, you knew that. Everyone has heard of that. The Big Bang is a moment in time, not a point in space. Specifically, it's the moment when time itself began, the instant from which all subsequent instants have been counted.
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- Despite its name the Big Bang wasn't really an explosion but rather a period when the universe was extremely hot and dense and space began to expand outward in all directions at once.
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- Though the model of the Big Bang states that the universe was an infinitely small point of infinite density. Mathematical infinities don't make sense in physics equations, so the Big Bang is really the point at which our current understanding of the universe breaks down. Equations do not deal with infinities very well. But, math is the best we have got to understand what happened.
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- Cosmic inflation era is when the universe was to grow really big really fast. Within the first 0.0000000000000000000000000000001 (that’s a decimal point with 30 zeros before the 1) seconds after the Big Bang, the cosmos could have expanded exponentially in size, driving apart areas of the universe that had previously been in close contact.
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- This era, known as “cosmic inflation‘, remains hypothetical, but cosmologists like the idea because it explains why far-flung regions of space appear so similar to one another, despite being separated by vast distances these regions must have started out together.
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- A few milliseconds after the beginning of time, the early universe was really hot, between 7 trillion and 10 trillion degrees Fahrenheit hot. At such temperatures, elementary particles called “quarks“, which are normally bound tightly inside of protons and neutrons, wandered around freely. It was hot quark soup.
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- “Gluons“, which carry a fundamental force known as the “strong force“, were mixed in with these quarks in a primordial fluid that permeated the universe. Researchers have managed to create similar conditions in particle accelerators on Earth. But the difficult-to-achieve state only ever lasted a few fractions of a second, in terrestrial atom smashers as well as in the early universe.
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- There was a lot of action in the next stage of time, which began around a few thousandths of a second after the Big Bang. As the cosmos expanded, it cooled, and soon conditions were mild enough for quarks to come together into protons and neutrons.
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- One second after the Big Bang, the universe's density dropped enough that neutrinos, the lightest and least-interacting fundamental particle, could fly forward without hitting anything, creating what's known as the “cosmic neutrino background“, which scientists have yet to detect. This all happened before the “cosmic microwave background“.
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- For the first 3 minutes of the universe's life, protons and neutrons fused together, forming an isotope of hydrogen called deuterium as well as helium and a tiny amount of the next-lightest element, lithium. But once the temperature fell, this process stopped. There were no heavier elements in the universe. That had to wait for exploding stars.
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- Finally, 380,000 years after the Big Bang, things were cool enough so that hydrogen and helium could combine with free electrons, creating the first neutral atoms. Photons, which had previously run into the electrons, could now move without interference, creating the “cosmic microwave background” , a relic from this era that was first detected in 1965.
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- For a very long time, nothing in the universe gave off light. This period, which lasted around 100 million years, is known as the “Cosmic Dark Ages“. This epoch remains extremely difficult to study because astronomers' knowledge of the universe comes almost entirely from starlight. Without any stars, it's difficult to know what went on.
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- By 180 million years after the Big Bang, hydrogen and helium began to collapse into large spheres, generating infernal temperatures in their cores that lit up into the first stars. The universe entered a period known as “Cosmic Dawn“, or “deionization“, because the hot photons radiated by early stars and galaxies broke neutral hydrogen atoms in interstellar space into protons and electrons, a process known as ionization.
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- Just how long reionization lasted is difficult to say. Because it occurred so early, its signals are obscured by later gas and dust, so the best scientists can say is that it was over by around 500 million years after the Big Bang.
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- Then small early galaxies began to merge together into larger galaxies and, around 1 billion years after the Big Bang, supermassive blackholes formed in their centers. Bright quasars, which produce intense beacons of light that can be seen from 12 billion light-years away, turned on.
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- The universe continued to evolve over the next several billion years. Spots of higher density from the primordial universe gravitationally attracted matter to themselves. These slowly grew into galactic clusters and long strands of gas and dust, producing a filamentary cosmic web that can be seen today.
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- About 4.5 billion years ago, in one particular galaxy, a cloud of gas collapsed down into yellow star with a system of rings around it. These rings coalesced into eight planets, plus various comets, asteroids, dwarf planets, and moons, forming a familiar stellar system.
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- The planet third from the central star managed to either retain a ton of water after this process, or else comets later delivered a deluge of ice and water.
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- On that third, watery world, between 3.8 and 3.5 billion years ago, tiny, simple microbes winked into existence. These life-forms emerged and evolved into wondrous sea monsters and gigantic, leaf-eating dinosaurs.
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- Eventually, about 200,000 years ago, along came upright creatures capable of marveling at our mysterious universe and discovering how the whole thing came to be. That is the period when you started reading about this stuff.
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- Physicists still don't quite know what's in store for the universe. That depends on the details of dark energy, a still-mysterious force driving apart the cosmos and whose properties have not been well measured.
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- In one possible future, the universe will continue to expand forever, long enough that all the stars in all the galaxies will have run out of fuel, and even blackholes will evaporate into nothing, leaving behind a dead cosmos permeated by inert energy.
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- Or in another possible future gravity will eventually overcome dark energy's expansionary force, pulling all matter back together in a reverse Big Bang known as the Big Crunch.
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- Or, still another alternative, dark energy could accelerate everything apart farther and farther from everything else, creating what's known as the Big Rip, in which the cosmos literally tears itself apart.
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- We are just going to have to wait and see which alternative pans out. I won’t be writhing about that.
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March 7, 2021 UNIVERSE - how to create one? 3079
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