- 4211 - BIG BANG - how the universe started? How did the universe come to be? How did it start? Science calls it the Big Bang? What is it? Why study it? What happened before? How will it all end? 13.8 billion years ago, the greatest event in all of existence occurred that literally created existence itself.
--------------------- 4211 - BIG BANG - how the universe started?
- This event to
start the universe is known as the “Big Bang”, and it’s responsible for the
estimated septillion number of stars that are scattered across the vast reaches
of the unknown, including the one our small, blue world orbits.
-
- However, other
than knowing that the Big Bang occurred, there is still a septillion amount of
information we still don’t know about the greatest event in the history of
existence. Oh, what's a septillion? 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
-
- Aspects of the Big
Bang include what is the Big Bang, why we study the Big Bang, what we’ve
learned about the Big Bang, what happened before the Big Bang, and how the
universe might end? So, other than knowing the Big Bang occurred, what exactly
is the Big Bang?
-
- The Big Bang is a
scientific theory describing the sudden growth of our observable universe
approximately 13.79 billion years ago when the universe was only 10^-43 seconds
old. This expansion lasted about 10^-32
seconds and involved two stages, the pre-inflation stage from 10^-43 s to
10^-36 s, followed by the inflation stage from 10^-36 s to 10^-32 s.
-
- At the start of
the Big Bang, the energy density of the universe was extremely high, on the
order of 10^19 GeV (Planck energy) per (10^-35 meter)3 (Planck volume). The
temperature of the universe was around 10^32 Kelvin (Planck temperature). The
inflationary stage enlarged the length scale of the present observable universe
be at least a factor of e^60 , approximately 10^26.”
-
- The universe came
into existence kicking and screaming where it was both extremely hot and
extremely dense, but also started expanding very quickly, as in within a few
millionths of a second after the Big Bang when “quarks” began clustering
together to form protons and neutrons. Within minutes, these protons and
neutrons also clustered to form nuclei.
-
- After this was
when matter started to form much more slowly, as it took another 380,000 years
for electrons to begin orbiting these nuclei, thus creating the first atoms.
It is hypothesized these atoms consisted primarily of
hydrogen and helium, which remain the most plentiful elements throughout the
universe to this day.
-
- It took another
150-200 million years for the first stars to form from these hydrogen and
helium elements, which resulted in the creation of oxygen, carbon, and iron
being formed within these stars, later to be blasted throughout the cosmos
after some of these stars explode as supernovae.
-
- The further we
examine and resolve remaining questions, especially finer details, of the Big
Bang, the better we will understand how our universe came to be. That knowledge will one day reach a level of
completeness that enables humankind to accurately determine whether or not our
universe is one among a multitude, the theoretical set of these often referred
to as a multiverse.
-
- One of the most
puzzling questions throughout the scientific and public communities is what
happened before the Big Bang? There are several working hypotheses for what
happened before the Big Bang, with one being known as the chaotic inflation
theory, which calls for our universe being a part of a grander multiverse that
popped out from another universe.
-
- Another hypothesis
calls for our universe being the other end of a black hole, which we are
referred to as a white hole. This could help explain what happens when you fall
into a black hole, aside from “Spaghettification”, the noodle effect.
-
- One prediction
calls for “a vast number of small cycles of pre-inflation growth”, where space
expands before contracting again, followed by a massive expansion. The second
prediction involves “branes” where inflation occurs followed by a slower rate
of expansion until everything just stops and moves backwards from dark energy
reversing its course, “as if time turned backwards”, which results in a Big
Crunch, then finishes with a Big Bounce.
-
- While the universe
might have started with a Bang, the question remains as to how it will end?
Currently, there are a myriad of hypotheses pertaining to how the universe will
end: Heat Death or Big Freeze, Big Rip, Big Crunch, and Big Bounce.
-
- For the Heat
Death/Big Freeze scenario, the universe is predicted to expand forever,
resulting in heat throughout the universe to be evenly distributed and
unusable.
-
- For the Big Rip
scenario, the universe is predicted to be torn apart by dark energy getting
stronger and stronger until the forces of attraction (dark matter) fail to keep
everything together.
-
- For the Big Crunch
scenario the universe is predicted to collapse on itself until it turns into
the most massive black hole in existence, with everything being sucked into it
forever.
-
- For the Big
Bounce, the universe is predicted to continue an endless cycle of expansion and
contraction forever.
-
- Based on the near
constant current low acceleration due to constant dark energy we expect the
observable universe to expand forever.
Around 100 billion years in the future, galactic clusters will become
isolated from each other. Eventually, individual galaxies will become isolated,
as well. With that, we would effectively be returning to the cosmology imagined
by Einstein and physicists of the early 20th century: that the only galaxy in
existence was the Milky Way and the entire universe was not much larger than
our Milky Way. Cosmologists have calculated that the dark energy is not strong
enough to pull apart most galaxies. So, here it would stop.
-
- What new
discoveries about the Big Bang will scientists make in the coming years and
decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!
-
-
November 5, 2023 BIG BANG
- how the universe started? 4211
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