- 4241 - UNIVERSE - on a single graph! Everything in the known Universe fits in this one graph. Even the impossible stuff. The Universe has physical constants, such as the force of gravity that define everything. If these constants were any different, our Universe would look quite different.
--------------------- 4241 - UNIVERSE - on a single graph!
When you consider the
types of objects that exist in our Universe, from quarks and bacteria to fleas
and superclusters, different forces dominate their existence.
-
- A fascinating new
graph plots everything in the known Universe and shows us what’s possible. It
also shows what types of objects are prohibited by the laws of physics as we
understand them.
-
- The graph's thought
experiment will get people to think about all the unanswered questions we have
about the Universe. The graph provides
an overview of the thermal history of the Universe and the sequence of objects
( protons, planets, and galaxies) that condensed out of the background as the
Universe expanded and cooled.
-
- The Universe
followed a general process that has happened multiple times as the hot dense
universe cooled down as it expanded and condensed into various objects. As the hot dense plasma of quarks and gluons
cooled, it condensed into protons and neutrons. And as the hot dense plasma of
protons and electrons cooled down it condensed into atoms, known as
“recombination”.
-
- This general
process of “condensation,” is underappreciated as a simple way to understand
what happened as the universe cooled: the hot dense big bang condensed into
objects.
-
- The middle strip
in the middle section marked “BBN” or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis has atoms and
elements, with the atomic densities of things like bacteria, fleas, humans,
whales, the Earth, Sun and stars.
-
- Enlarged section of
the graph is showing the astronomical objects in the Universe.
In it, we see main sequence stars, which when they run out of
fuel, become white dwarfs, which eventually collapse into neutron stars, which
eventually collapse into black holes. On this plot, black holes exist on the
dark black line.
-
- Returning to the
main graph we see that the Hubble radius, which is the entire observable
Universe, in on that line. Does that
mean the whole universe is a black hole? This graph seems to imply this might
be true!
-
- Is it plausible that
what we see from inside our Universe is simply the result of being inside a
black hole that formed from some parent Universe?
-
- Contrary to common
knowledge, black holes are not the densest things in the universe. The bigger the black hole, the less dense it
is. That is why the whole universe
could be a huge low-density black hole.
-
- Another
interesting fact is when you trace the evolution of the whole universe back
along this black hole line, all the way back to the beginning of the
universe, the plot suggests that the
initial condition of the universe was an “instanton”, the smallest possible black hole, an object
that instantaneously evaporates (through Hawking radiation) and explodes at the
highest possible temperature (the Planck temperature: 10^32 K).
-
- The area of the
graph that might be most intriguing are two triangular regions that are
‘forbidden.’ This is where objects
cannot be denser than black holes, or are so small, quantum mechanics blurs the
very nature of what it really means to be a singular object.
-
- The boundaries of
the plots and what lies beyond them are also a major mystery, as the triangular
regions forbidden by general relativity and quantum uncertainty and help
navigate the relationship between gravity and quantum mechanics.
-
- The plot is an
explicit and highly conventional extrapolation into very speculative
territory. This graph should help both
students and experts articulate some very profound questions that we don’t know
the answers to. Keep studying you
kids!
-
-
November 26, 2023
UNIVERSE - on a single graph? 4241
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--------------------- ---
Monday, November 27, 2023 ---------------------------------
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