Wednesday, November 22, 2023

4233 - ROGUE PLANETS - free- floating planets?

 

-    4233   -    ROGUE  PLANETS  -  free- floating planets?     Hundreds of Free-Floating Planets found in the Orion Nebula.  It appears that rogue planets, free floating worlds that aren’t gravitationally bound to a parent star, might be more common than we thought. New data from the James Webb Space Telescope have revealed 540 planetary-mass objects in the Orion Nebula and Trapezium Cluster.


---------------------  4233  - ROGUE  PLANETS  -  free- floating planets?

-      The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) will likely be sped up thanks to new results that narrow down how alien radio signals would drift in frequency as a result of the Doppler shift caused by their home planet's orbit around its star.

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-    A Doppler shift is the lengthening or shortening of the frequency of a signal caused by the motion of the transmitter. If the transmitter is moving away from us, the wavelength becomes stretched and the frequency decreases; if it's moving towards us, the wavelength shortens and and the frequency increases. This results in the signal appearing to "drift" across a range of frequencies as the transmitter moves.

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-    Both the orbital motion and the daily rotation of an exoplanet, plus Earth's own orbital motion and daily rotation, contribute to the frequency drift of any signal that may be transmitted from the exoplanet and received here on Earth.

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-    Radio astronomers know that Earth's orbital motion causes a drift rate of 0.019 nanoHertz (nHz  is 10^-9  or 0.000,000,0001 cycles per second) and that Earth's spinning on its axis creates an additional 0.1 nHz drift. These shifts can be accounted for when analyzing signals.

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-    The drift rate is dependent upon the orbital characteristics of an exoplanet and the inclination of its orbit with respect to us, how far from circular its orbit is and how much it precesses, or wobbles.

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-     Machine-learning algorithms that are able to sift through data, looking for signals that display a drift rate, require a maximum value for the drift rate so that they can limit their search. SETI searches usually assume a small value for the frequency drift, less than 10 nHz, but previous calculations based on actual measurements of the most extreme exoplanet orbits known placed an upper limit on the drift rate of plus or minus 200 nHz.

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-    By modeling about 5,300 exoplanets, astronomers were able to refine and reduce the maximum value for the drift rate caused by the orbital motion of exoplanets to plus or minus 53 nHz.  This means that, for 99% of planetary systems, the frequency of a signal detected from a distant exoplanet would be expected to drift in frequency at a maximum rate of plus or minus 53 nHz.

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-    The current catalog of known exoplanets is not entirely representative of the wider population of exoplanets out there. Current detection methods still favor larger planets closer to their stars, because they are the easiest to find.   To avoid any biases, they also measured the maximum drift rate of over 5,000 simulated planets that we might expect to be more representative of the true population of exoplanets in terms of their orbital characteristics, with smaller planet sizes, longer orbital periods and a more uniform spread of orbital inclinations.

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-    The imagined planets were placed into 20 groups, each consisting of 5,286 worlds, split into 10 groups with nearly circular orbits and 10 groups with increasingly non-circular (known as eccentric) orbits. From these, Li's team was able to derive much lower drift rates — plus or minus 0.27 nHz for the low-eccentricity orbits and plus or minus 0.44 nHz for the high-eccentricity orbits.

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-    Drift rates are one way to tell whether a signal has come from deep space, although it is not a foolproof method. Radio frequency interference (RFI) from transmitters on Earth, cell phones, airport radars and so on,  have a drift rate of zero because they are on Earth with our receivers.

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-  A near-infrared survey from JWST allowed astronomers to discover and characterize this large sample of 540 planetary-mass candidates. These planetary mass objects (PMOs) are too small to be stars, as their masses are well below the traditional cutoff for a deuterium-burning brown dwarf, even down to 0.6 Jupiter mass and not much more massive than Saturn.

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-   Within the large group of rogue planets are 42 pairs of planets that are gravitationally bound together, something that’s never been observed before. The astronomers named them Jupiter Mass Binary Objects, or JuMBOs.

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-   How pairs of young planets can be ejected simultaneously and remain bound, albeit weakly at relatively wide separations, remains quite unclear.   These planetary-mass binary objects is “a result that is highly unexpected and which challenges current theories of both star and planet formation.

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-    The conventional definition of a planet is that it is in orbit around a star.  Current theories of planetary formation suggest that Jupiter-sized objects can only be formed through the process that gives rise to stars inside the clouds of dust and gas found in a nebula.

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-    It is clear that further simulations and modeling will be needed to understand how a substantial population of objects can form below 5 Jupter masses and how a significant fraction of them can end up in multiple systems.

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-    The exact mechanisms for how planets go “rogue” are unknown, but several theories exist. The theories include that planets are pulled away from one star by gravitational interactions with other passing stars, or that supernovae kick them out, or that they free float into space after their sun dies.

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-    Rogue planets are usually impossible to image in visible light, which makes JWST’s sensitive infrared vision the perfect tool to look for them.

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-    The Orion Nebula has been studied for decades to observe the formation and early evolution of stars and other celestial objects. It lies 1,350 light years away from Earth and is visible to the naked eye as a misty smudge at the bottom of the Orion constellation, part of the ‘sword’ of the mythical Greek hunter after whom the constellation is named.

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November 22, 2023       ROGUE  PLANETS  -  free- floating planets?         4233

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--------------------- ---  Wednesday, November 22, 2023  ---------------------------------

 

 

 

 

 

           

 

 

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