JimsAstronomy

Thursday, November 28, 2019

ENTANGLEMENT - Crosses the Universe?

- 2503 - ENTANGLEMENT - Crosses the Universe? Electrons can change shells in the atom and tell us how far a galaxy is away from us. Electrons in the same shell of an atom are entangled in order to obey the Exclusion Principle that does not allow two electrons to share the same energy state in the atom. How these two properties communicate across the Universe is totally different.
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-------------------- 2503 - ENTANGLEMENT - Crosses the Universe?
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- Electrons can change shells in the atom and tell us how far a galaxy is away from us.
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- Electrons in the same shell of an atom are entangled in order to obey the Exclusion Principle that does not allow two electrons to share the same energy state in the atom.
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-How these two properties communicate across the Universe is totally different.
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- We just do not understand our current understanding of the Universe we observe. We know the Universe is expanding because galaxies are accelerating away from us in all directions. We appear to be in the center of an explosion.
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- However, it does not matter where you are in the Universe you feel the same way. For this to be true then it is not an normal explosion where everything is flying apart. It is the space between everything that is expanding that makes it appear like an explosion.
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- We can learn how fast space is expanding by measuring the apparent receding velocities indicated by the Doppler Shift of the light coming to us from these galaxies.
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- The light is electromagnetic energy emitted by atoms when electrons fall from an excited energy state to a lower energy state. We can measure these energy emission very accurately in the laboratory. A discussion that follows will illustrate how this Doppler Shift is used.
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- Electrons must obey the Exclusion Principle and they can not occupy the same energy state at the same time. If two electrons are in the ground energy state of an atom they must be linked together so one has a spin up and the other has a spin down in order to not share the same energy state.
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- This entanglement between these two electrons allows them to share properties and reverse properties simultaneously regardless of how much space separates them. It takes lightyears for the electromagnetic energy to reach us from the receding galaxies. But, entangled particles on separate galaxies can communicate instantaneously regardless of the lightyears of distance that separates them.
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- Because of the speed of light being limited and being a constant velocity, every observer in the Universe sees something happening simultaneously as happening at different times in spacetime.
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- The light we see from distant galaxies can be billions of years old. What we observe in a “now” instant in time actually happened billions of years ago. However, entangled particles can somehow communicate over this same distance without waiting.
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- To measure how fast space is expanding we measure the “ redshift” of the light coming from the galaxies. The shift in the frequency of the light is toward the red end of the spectrum because the galaxy is speeding away from us and the wavelength of light is being stretched out as it reaches us. The ratio of the amount of shift to the original wavelength is the same as the receding velocity is to the velocity of light.
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----------------- w - wo / wo = v / c
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---------------- w = the wavelength measured
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--------------- wo = the wavelength originally emitted by the source
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--------------- v = the receding velocity of the galaxy
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--------------- c = the velocity of light
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- One way to look at the redshift formula is that it is the percentage error equal to the percentage of the velocity is to the velocity of light. ( See Review 834 “ The Redshift Explained” if you want to learn more.)
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- To get “ wo” the wavelength of the originally emitted radiation from the source we must identify the source that is emitting the electromagnetic energy. Each element’s atom has a unique set of energy shells for the electrons orbiting its nucleus. When an electron falls from a higher energy shell to a lower energy shell it emit’s a unique packet of electromagnetic energy at a unique wavelength to match the energy gap it just jumped.
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- For example:
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum = 393.37 nanometers wavelength
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum = 396.85
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 656.28
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- When astronomers observe the light coming from galaxy NGC 1357 the wavelength spectrums are redshifted. They are longer by a small amount.
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum = 396.20 nanometers wavelength
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum = 399.72
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 660.86
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- Now calculating the a percentage of redshift of these wavelength using the formula , (w - wo) / wo = v / c:
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum redshift = 0.719%
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum redshift = 0.723%
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 0.700%
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- Taking the average redshift at 0.71% means the velocity of the receding galaxy is traveling at 0.71% the speed of light, v / c. The speed of light is 671,000,000 miles per hour. Therefore the receding speed of the galaxy is 4,765,000 miles per hour. That is almost 5 million miles per hour. Wow!
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- To estimate the distance of this galaxy we can make the assumption that all similar looking galaxies are the same size. And, if we compare the angular size of this galaxy with the angular size of a closer galaxy that has a known distance then we can estimate the distance of NGC 1357.
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- For example: The Andromeda galaxy M31, is at a known distance because we have studied Cepheid Variable stars in our neighbor galaxy. ( See Review 1055 “Cepheid’s Used to Discover America” if you want to learn how Cepheid Variables work.)
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- The size of this galaxy, NGC 1357, in the sky is 0.79 milli-radians, which is an angular size of 0.000,004,53 degrees.
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---------- Distance to NGC 1357 / distance to M31 = Angular size of NGC 1357 / angular size of M31
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- The distance to NGC 1357 is 91 million lightyears. If you do these same calculations for 10 more galaxies, plotting the receding velocity versus distance you get a straight line with a slope of 47,000 miles per hour per million lightyears. That is how fast that the space between the galaxies is expanding.
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- It is known as Hubble’s Constant. It says that for every million lightyears distance the galaxy is traveling 47,000 miles per hour faster away from us.
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- If we run this slope backwards in time we come to the point where all the galaxies were smashed together. Distance = rate * time. So, Time = Distance / velocity.
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------------------- t = d / v
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------------------ t = 1 million lightyears / 47,000 miles per hour.
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----------------- t = 5,880,000,000,000,000,000 miles / 47,000 miles per hour / 8760 hours per year
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-------------------- t = 14 billion years.
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- Therefore the age of the Universe must be about 14,000,000,000 years.
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- Electrons changing energy levels tell us how fast space is expanding. Electrons can not share the same energy state. Two electrons in the ground state of an atom must share a common wave function that forces one to spin up and the other to spin down.
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- Once entangled in this matter the electrons share this wave function no matter how far they are separated. If one changes state the other switches to the opposite state instantaneously.
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- This Exclusion Principle is not hard to visualize inside the atom. It boggles the mind when we separate these electrons with great distances and the same behavior continues. Actions are somehow communicated over great distances faster than the speed of light.
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- (See Review 2501 “ Entanglement in Quantum Mechanics” and Review 2502 “ Is the Universe Entangled in Property Pairs that Defy Reason?” if you want to learn more.)
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- We have been reviewing the properties of spin in electrons being entangled. But, similar entanglement properties occur with other particles and with photons. The photons can be vertically and horizontally polarized.
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- If two photons are entangled then the one’s polarization is always found to be the opposite polarization of the other no matter how far the photons are apart or how many times they are flipped from one polarization to the other. The entangled probabilities of each particle’s wave function is inverted and it stays inverted no matter the amount of space between them.
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- All experiments completed since 1982 have verified this property of entangled particles to be true. The math works. The measurements work. But, the theories can not explain how or why it works. Somehow wave functions span the Universe.
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- We know that time slows down as relative motion speeds up. As particles approach the speed of light time slows down until it stops. The photon always and only travels at the speed of light. Therefore time stops for all photons. If time has stopped there is no way for 2 photons to know they are not next to each other. Two entangled particles always retain the common wave function as if they were right next to each other.
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--------- Energy of a photon = Planck’s Constant of Action * frequency.
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------------ E = 0.000,000,000,000,004,136 electron volt * seconds / cycle * “f “ cycles / second.
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------------ E / f = CONSTANT
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------------ If energy increases than frequency increases in order to keep the ratio constant.
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------------ E = m*c^2
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----------- c^2 = (speed of light)^2 = 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 meters^2 / second ^2
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------------ E / m = CONSTANT
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- If mass increases energy increase in order to keep the ratio constant at the speed of light squared.

- The potential energy of gravity between 2 particular masses, “m” and “M”, is constant.
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------------- P.E. * d = G * m* M
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------------- “G” is the gravitational constant = 0.000,000,000,066,7 meters^3 / (kilograms * seconds^2)
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------------- P.E * d = CONSTANT
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- If the distance between two mass increases the potential energy of gravity between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- The same thing happens with the potential energy of magnetism between 2 particular charges:

------------- P.E. * d = K * q* Q
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------------- “K” is Coulomb’s constant = 8,990,000,000 kilogram^4 * meter^4 / seconds^4 / columbs^2
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------------- P.E. * d = CONSTANT
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- If the distance between two charges increases the potential energy of the magnetic force between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- And, the same thing happens between two electric charges. If the distance between two electric charges increases the potential energy of the electric force between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- However, in the case of gravity and electromagnetic energy the changes do not happen instantaneously. The changes communicate between the properties at the speed of light.
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- If the energy of the Sun disappears, goes an infinite distance away, we will still receive the energy for 8 more minutes. Somehow the properties in these formulas get paired. At the macro level they exchange properties at the speed of light.
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- At the atomic level where waves dominate over particles they can exchange probabilities and the properties change faster than the speed of light. As soon as I figure out how this works I will let you know. The older I get the smarter I was.
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- November 28, 2019 2503 1231
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
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--------------------- Thursday, November 28, 2019 --------------------
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ENTANGLEMENT - defies reason?

- 2502 - ENTANGLEMENT - defies reason? Is the Universe Entangled in Property Pairs that Defy Reason? We have learned that atomic properties come in pairs that are mysteriously linked. If you can gain information about one property you automatically can know less about the other property. These properties have wave distributions that can be linked across great distances.
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------------------------------- 2502 - ENTANGLEMENT - defies reason?
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- Entanglement, we may likely be using it before we can understand it.
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- The Universe seems to be connected in pairs that seem to be outside our world of reason. Albert Einstein did not understand it either. Two of his famous quotes were, there can not be “ spooky action at a distance!” that happens instantaneously, faster than the information could be exchanged at the speed of light.
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- And, “ God does not play dice!” when particles must be described as waves being at too places at once and their positions determined by probabilities.
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- Werner Heisenberg started all this confusion in 1925. He began using quantum theories to explain the colors emitted and absorbed by complicated atoms. He put energy in quantum packages that were not continuous but discrete.
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- The color is the frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted from atoms that corresponds to the energy levels the electrons are jumping between in the shells around atomic nuclei. Neils Bohr had done the first calculations of these energy levels around the hydrogen atom, a single proton, in 1913.
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- Heisenberg’s quantum math treated the atom’s electrons as particles. His math calculated and matched the observed results. Next, Erin Schrodinger used quantum math again to get the same results only he treated the atom’s electrons as waves, not particles.
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- Later, Heisenberg’s professor, Max Born, showed them both that quantum wave math could be interpreted as a “measure of probabilities” for the particles properties, especially these electrons.
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- The next step was the mysterious connection between pairs of these particle properties. Heisenberg took his quantum math to another level and showed that pairs of particle properties could not be known simultaneously.
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- Take the pair, “ position and momentum” of a particle. Since momentum is mass times velocity and the mass in a particular case can be known, lets take the pair “ position and velocity” of a particular particle. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle showed that knowing the position with greater probability intrinsically meant that you could know the velocity only with a lesser probability.
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- In fact, the product of the two probabilities had to equal or be less than Planck’s Constant of Action. It was in the math. Taking information from one property automatically reduced the information you could get from the other property. ( See Review 1225 - The Universe is a Computer ).
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- Unobserved, an electron exists in multiple locations at once, it is a wave. The Uncertainty Principle allowed measuring only one property or the other, but not both. Information wise the properties were paired. Position and velocity were paired.
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- The same type of pairing occurs between “ time and energy”. You can not get a measure of the duration of energy and the amount of energy simultaneously. These pairs have wave distributions of probabilities. Taking away information of one of the probabilities automatically lessons the information available about the other probability.
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- It may be that below the quantum level there is another level of information that exists in bits and bytes like a computer. We know that if you treat atomic properties at the lowest level like spin, charge, position, velocity, as bits, spin up and spin down, positive charge and negative charge, etc, then the amount of information that nature can store in a very tiny volume of space and time is an enormous number.
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- Maybe that is why the math of statistics and probabilities is the only way we can describe a world of information too small to be observed?
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- Maybe in this unobserved world things are connected that “appear” very mysterious to us but are the natural world of reality we are in?
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- Most of us have learned about the double slit experiment where photons of light are sent through two slits and an interference pattern appears on the screen on the other slide of the slits. This interference wave pattern is exactly what is expected by interfering waves.
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- However, this same pattern occurs even though a single photon is sent to the screen. It is as if a single photon can go through two slits simultaneously. It is somehow located at two places at once. We can almost comprehend this with waves of particles of light. However, this same experiment has been repeated with electrons. It has even been repeated with fullerene molecules composed of 70 carbon atoms. Nature somehow allows particles to be at two places at once.
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- Entanglement is another pairing of particles that Einstein referred to as a “ spooky action at a distance!” When two particles are entangled the property of one particle is paired with the same property of the other particle. If the particles are separated some distance, no matter how far apart, measuring the property of one automatically and instantaneously reveals the property of the other.
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- If a pair of coins were entangled and one coin is “ heads” then the other coin is automatically “ tails” at the same instant. The occurrences are simultaneously and faster that the speed of light needed to cover the distance between them.
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- In 1982 as experiment passed a photon through a calcium crystal creating an output of polarized light . Splitting the photons creates a pair of photons that are linked, or , entangled. Regardless of distance of separating these photons measuring the one photon as having vertical polarization the other photon will register as having horizontal polarization. It does not matter which measurement came first, or, if one is moving and the other is standing still, or how many times it is repeated, there is a quantum link between the two entangled photons. Measuring one automatically determines the other.
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- In 2008 this same experiment was conducted in Japan with detectors separated 11 miles apart. If information was exchanged between the photons it would have had to travel 10,000 times faster that the speed of light. This experiment was again repeated n 2 of the Canary Islands separated by 89 miles. Always the same result. Entanglement seems real.
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- In 2010, to make this experiment more complicated, physicists have used 3 different colored photons, entangled 6 of these photons, with 8 calcium ions and still getting the same entangled results.
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- How can this property of entanglement be used? We do not understand why it works or how it works but we do know that it does work. We should be able to use it.
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- Some applications include: instant communication over great distances. Fast information processing in quantum computers giving computers the ability to calculate multiple possibilities simultaneously. Teleportation moving quantum information from one physical location to another.. Quantum cryptography to send secret messages that could not be intercepted by Wikileaks.
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- This property of entanglement has existed since the Universe began. Maybe nature is already using it. Maybe birds can us the Earth’s magnetic field to navigate over long distances by entanglement with their unique brain chemistry. Maybe the DNA double helix gets pairing through some means of entanglement. Maybe plants use entanglement to allow photosynthesis to chemically create sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
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- These are possibilities. We have much more to learn about what is going on at the atomic level and below. It effects us mysteriously because we have much more to learn. Stay tuned. An announcement will be made shortly.
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- November 28, 2019 2502 1229
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Thursday, November 28, 2019 --------------------
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QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT - faster than light?

- 2501 - QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT - faster than light? Quantum Mechanics is the math that defines entanglement in which a pair of entangled particles somehow communicate over large distances instantaneously, faster than the speed of light.
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-------------------- 2501 - QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT - faster than light?
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- Strange things happen at the atomic level. “Quantum Mechanics” is the mathematics that is used to define atomic reality. Just as “Relativity” is the mathematics used to define cosmic reality. Relativity defines the velocity of light as a constant and a limit. Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.
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- However, in Quantum Mechanics the math defines entanglement in which a pair of entangled particles somehow communicate over large distances instantaneously, faster than the speed of light.
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- This is instant action at a distance. It is called non-locality. Experiments using entangled states of light appear to verify that action-at-a-distance actually works.
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- At the atomic level there are over 60 fundamental particles. There are likely more to be discovered. And, there are likely some that are not fundamental. They will be found to be made up of even more fundamental particles.
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- Protons and neutrons were thought to be fundamental particles in the nucleus of every atom. We later discovered that they were made up of more fundamental particles quarks and gluons. Fundamental particles behave according to Quantum Mechanics and entanglement is one of those behaviors.
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- Two electrons can exist in the ground level energy of an atom only if they are not in the same energy state. This is called the “Exclusion Principle“. The two electrons occupy the energy level because one has spin-up and the other has spin-down. Each electron has a different state; they can not be the same.
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- If the two electrons are entangled they will maintain this condition regardless of how they are separated in space. If one changes the other changes instantaneous. Spooky action at a distance that we can not explain. It appears to be a form of quantum teleportation. We call it “entanglement“.
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- This is not the first time science has dealt with action at a distance. We define reality by our knowledge of what it is. Our intuition changes as our knowledge changes.
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------------ 1687 - Isaac Newton was dealing with action at a distance when we the equations for the force of gravity. Somehow two masses appeared to communicate with each other to create the attractive force between them. At the time the communications seemed to be instantaneous.
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----------- 1785 - Charles Coulomb introduced nearly the same equations as Newton’s only for the electrostatic force. Somehow electric charges created instant action at a distance and created an attractive or repulsive force between them, depending on the sign of the charges.
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----------- 1831 - Michael Faraday introduced nearly the same equations again for the magnetic force. He introduced the medium between the magnetic poles to be electric and magnetic fields. At the time these fields were considered as mathematical tools not as real physical things.
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----------- 1849 - The speed of light was measured to be 186,000 miles per second. Light was not instantaneous. It had a finite speed. However, at the time no one knew what light really was.
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---------- 1865 - James Clerk Maxwell introduced four equations that defined electromagnetic fields. He concluded was a wave of electromagnetic energy. And, all electromagnetic energy traveled at the speed of light, an no faster.
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--------- 1905 - Albert Einstein introduced the principle of Relativity where the speed of light was a constant regardless of the relative speed of the observer. Two observers in relative motion could not see the same event simultaneously. Communications could only occur at the speed of light and no faster.
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---------- 1915 - Albert Einstein introduced the idea that gravity was not a force acting at a distance but rather the result of the curvature of space and time created by a mass. Gravity waves travel out through space-time at the same speed as electromagnetic waves. Gravity is not instantaneous. It travels to us at the speed of light.
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---------- 1935 - Quantum Mechanics non-locality and reality are defined differently and they do not agree, nor do they agree with Relativity. Some say Quantum Mechanics is missing something. Others say we are missing something about reality.
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- Einstein and Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen publish ‘ Can quantum-entanglement description of physical reality be considered complete? Their answer, “No”.
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- Erwin Schrodinger explains entanglement with his thought experiment of a cat in a box being in a state of being both alive and dead.
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- Louis de Broglie claims a deterministic theory that hidden variables of a particles position determine its future evolution.
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---------- 1964 - John S. Bell introduces a theory than no “local” theory can possible reproduce all the quantum mechanic predictions. Therefore, “non-locality” must exist.
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---------- 1972 - Bell’s theory is tested using the polarization of a pair of photons.
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---------- 1981 to the present - Experiments using entangled states of light verify that prediction of quantum mechanics with non-locality actually works.
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---------- 1982 - Alain Aspect performs experiment confirming no locality effects do exist.
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---------- 1984 - Quantum cryptography proposes using photons in a superposition of states to create a secure key.
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---------- 1990 - The first experiment of the quantum key demonstrated.
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----------- 1993 - Entanglement proposed to teleport particle entanglement information from one place to another.
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------------ 1997 - Anton Zellinger’s experiments verify quantum teleportation.
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------------ 2007 - Entangled photons are sent over a distance of 144 kilometers between two Canary Islands.
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----------- 2010 - New kinds of entanglement observed linking multiple quantum information teleported over 16 kilometers .
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---------- 2019 - Quantum Entanglement? We still can’t explain it………………….
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- People in relative motion disagree about time and space. Both look different to each observer. It is impossible for them to see the same distant event as simultaneous. Each will see the one event as occurring at different times. This is Relativity.
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- Entanglement seems to defy this reality. It appears to be simultaneous action at a distance.
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- Reality keeps moving past the border of our knowledge, past the edge of our brain.
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- Once the brain is stretched by a new idea it never returns to its original shape. Mine is all out of shape!
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- November 28, 2019 2501 1039
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Thursday, November 28, 2019 --------------------
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QUANTUM WORLD - we can‘t explain it?

- 2500 - QUANTUM WORLD - we can‘t explain it? - The quantum world is hard to understand, but at some point the rules of the subatomic give way to the rules of the macroscopic. There does not seem to be a distinct dividing line. You may get really confused.
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-------------------- 2500 - QUANTUM WORLD - we can‘t explain it?
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- Quantum mechanics is really confusing. All the rules of physics that we're used to simply do not work in the quantum world.
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- For example: Put a particle in a box. According to classical physics (and common sense), that particle should stay in that box forever. But under quantum mechanics, that particle can simply be outside the box the next time you look.
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- In classical physics, you can measure the momentum and position of something to an arbitrary degree of precision. In the quantum world the more you know about position, the less you know about the momentum. And vice versa.
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- Is something a wave or a particle? According to the classical viewpoint, you can pick one and only one. But, with quantum mechanics something can be both at the same time.
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- The quantum world is hard to understand, but at some point the rules of the subatomic give way to the rules of the macroscopic. There does not seem to be a distinct dividing line.
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- The first person to put some useful labels on the quantum world was physicist Niels Bohr. In the early 1900s, scientists around the world were beginning to awaken to the strange and unexpected behavior of atomic and subatomic systems. They had, after decades of grueling work, realized that certain properties, like energy, come in discrete packets of levels dubbed "quanta."
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- Niels Bohr was one of the first to attempt explain quantum behavior. He didn't provide a full theory of quantum mechanics, but he did lay some serious groundwork. He also promoted some ideas that would become the cornerstones of modern quantum theory.
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- The first theory appeared in his early attempt to model the atom. In the 1920s, we had known through a variety of very cool experiments that the atom is made of a heavy, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a swarm of tiny, light, negatively charged electrons. We also knew that these atoms could only absorb or emit radiation at very specific energies.
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- Bohr put the electrons "in orbit" around the nucleus, waltzing around that dense core like planets in an miniature solar system. In a real solar system, the planets can have whatever orbit they like. But in Bohr's atom the electrons were stuck on little tracks. They could only have certain predefined orbital distances. And, only so many electrons could occupy each orbit.
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- By jumping from one orbit to another, the atom could receive or emit radiation at specific energies. Its quantum nature was thus encoded at these discrete energies.
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- Bohr added one more interesting twist. There are a lot of potential ways to construct a quantum model of the atom. He found that when the electrons orbited very far away from the nucleus, their quantum nature disappeared and the atom could be perfectly described by classical electromagnetism.
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- This was called the Correspondence Principle, and it was Bohr's argument that his model of the atom was the best. You can have any quantum theory you want, but the right ones are the ones that give way to classical physics under some limit. In the case of his atom, when the electrons got far away from the nucleus.
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- Bohr's model of the atom was incomplete and would later be replaced by the valence shell model that remains to this day. But his Correspondence Principle lived on, and it formed a cornerstone of all quantum theories to come. His explanation was a guiding light that allowed physicists to construct and select the right mathematics to describe the subatomic world.
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- Around the same time Werner Heisenberg came up with his soon-to-be-famous “Uncertainty Principle“. Try to measure the position of a tiny particle, and you'll end up losing information about its momentum. Go for the opposite, trying to pin down its momentum, and you'll become ignorant about its position.
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- Bohr took Heisenberg’s idea and ran with it. He saw Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle as a part of a much larger facet of the quantum world: that everything comes in pairs.
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- Consider the most famous pair in the quantum world, the wave and the particle. In classical systems, something is either purely a wave or purely a particle. You can pick one or the other to classify some behavior. But in quantum mechanics, these two properties are paired up: everything is simultaneously both a particle and a wave and always exhibits some properties of both.
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- Further the quantum rules rely on probabilities. Quantum mechanics only reproduces classical physics on average. Based on these two insights, Bohr argued that a quantum theory can never explain classical physics.
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- Was Bohr right? Some physicists argue that we just haven't worked hard enough, and that we do fundamentally live in a quantum world, and that we can reproduce classical physics from purely quantum rules.
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- Other Reviews about the Quantum World: Available upon request:
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- 2211 - macro-micro extremes.
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- 2208 - lists 12 more Reviews on Quantum Entanglement..
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- 2287 - lists 16 more Reviews on Quantum Mechanics
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- November 27, 2019 2500
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
--------------------- Thursday, November 28, 2019 --------------------
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Wednesday, November 27, 2019

BIG BANG - first creations?

- 2499 - BIG BANG - first creations? - The Big Bang started with energy and first created space and time. The enormous energy, temperature, and densities are beyond comprehension but we have to start somewhere. So, we start with the quantum limit for Planck time , 10 ^ -43 seconds and Planck length, 10 ^-33 centimeters in diameter.
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--------------------- 2499 - BIG BANG - first creations?
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- Today the universe is 3 * 10 ^ 60 Planck time units in age and about 10^ 28 centimeters in diameter. In Planck size units of 10 ^ -33 centimeters it is 10 ^ 61 Planck size units in diameter. Our universe age and size are essentially the same factor, 10^ 61, in Planck units.
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- The Universe began with mass and energy using four known physical forces:
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------------------- (1) Gravity
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------------------- (2) Electromagnetism which holds electrons in orbit about the atom’s nucleus.
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------------------- (3) Strong nuclear force which holds protons and neutrons together, overpowering the electromagnetic forces inside the nucleus.
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------------------- (4) Weak nuclear force which controls radioactive decay, example, when a neutron decays into a proton.
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------------------------------------- Relative Strength Particle to Carry Force
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------------------- (1) Gravity 1 gravitons
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------------------- (2) Electromagnetism 10 ^ 36 photons
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------------------- (3) Strong nuclear force 10 ^ 38 gluons
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------------------- (4) Weak nuclear force 10 ^ 33 weak bosons
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- At Plank time all four forces were one and the same, but as the Universe cooled from 10 ^ 32 degrees Kelvin to 10 ^ 13 degrees gravity separated from the four forces. Later the strong nuclear, then the weak nuclear separated from electromagnetic force. The four forces came into existence.
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- The concept of Planck time comes from the German physicists Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. Born in 1858, the son of a civil law professor, Max graduated from Munich and joined their faculty in 1880.
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- In 1885 he joined Kiel University in Berlin working in thermodynamics. We was working on the problem of black-body radiation in 1900 when he came up with the concept that light came to us in bundles, or quanta. This concept help him solve the problem in calculating the energy distribution from black-body radiation, explaining why higher frequencies require more energy in order to radiate.
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- This concept was so profound it has become known as the introduction to modern physics. Up until Max’s quantum of energy, classical physics thought the world was governed by a continuous process, or waves of energy. That thinking would not allow the theories to match the observations.
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- Sometimes the hardest thing to change is the thinking. Quantum mechanics was launched and Max’s quantum of light later became known as the photon.
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----------------------- Energy = Planck’s constant * frequency of the radiation.
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---------------------- Planck’s constant = Energy * time = h = E * t
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---------------------- Planck’s constant = 6.6256 * 10 ^ -27 erg – seconds
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- Max doubted himself that this small unit of energy could be so fundamental, even when Albert Einstein used the concept in 1905 in his own discoveries. Max got the Noble prize in 1918 but he was not joyful because World War I claimed his son and two of his daughters died in childbirth.
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- In 1930 he became president of the Kaiser Wilhelm society of Berlin. He personally went to Hitler on behalf of his Jewish friends. As a result Hitler had him removed as president in 1937.
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- In World War II his son Erwin was executed for plotting against Hitler. Max was rescued by the American army in 1945 and reinstated as president of the Max Planck Society of Berlin. He still did not know how profound his discoveries were.
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- Quantum Mechanics now defines the atom as a nucleus with electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Protons are made up of Quarks, two Up Quarks and one Down Quark held together by Gluons ( the Strong Force ).
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- From Albert Einstein we know that mass and energy are the same thing, where:
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------------------- Energy = Mass * ( speed of light ) ^ 2
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------------------- Mass is just energy that slows down enough for us to observe it.
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- So, before atoms were made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, the Big Bang created these fundamental particles along with the four forces, Neutrinos, Quarks, Muons, Bosons:
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------------------------------------- Billion Electron-volts
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -12 Neutrino - Electron
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -11 Neutrino - Muon
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -10 Neutrino – Tau
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -3 Electron
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -2.5 Up Quark
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -2 Down Quark
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -1 Muon
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ -1 Strange Quark
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------------------- Massless 0 Photon
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------------------- Massless 0 Gluon
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 0 Charm Quark
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 0.2 Tau
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 0.7 Bottom Quark
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 2 Top Quark
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 2 Weak Boson
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 2 Z Boson
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------------------- Mass 10 ^ 2 Higgs Boson
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- Those are the fundamental particles and here are the seven ways they can interact with the four forces.
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- Any Force = mass of any particle * acceleration of the particle induced by the force.
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------------------------------------------- F = m * a
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------------------- (1) Electromagetism is produced by the emission, or absorption, of photons by any charged particle, electron, or quark.
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------------------- (2) The Strong Force ( gluons ) is produced by the emission ,or absorption, of quarks.
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------------------- (3) The Weak Force ( Weak bosons and Z bosons ) is produced by the emission, or absorption, of quarks, electrons, muons, taus , or neutrinos. The Weak Boson causes the electron to change into an electron-neutrino.
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------------------- (4) The Weak Force ( Z boson ) is produced by the emission, or absorption, of neutrinos.
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------------------- (5) Gluons can self interact.
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------------------- (6) Weak bosons and Z bosons can self interact. Photons can not self interact.
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------------------- (7) The Electromagnetic Force is produced by the interaction of an electron and a quark with the transfer of a photon.
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- Everything that happens in our world, except for gravity, is the result of a combination of these seven force interactions with the twelve fundamental particles.
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- Everything, think about it. They came out of the Big Bang and they make up everything we know today.
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- November 27, 2019. 2499 6 366
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Wednesday, November 27, 2019 -------------------------
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MIRROR - how does it work, really?

- 2498 - MIRROR - how does it work, really? - Have you ever wondered how a mirror works? Probably not. Light hits a shiny surface and bounces back and you see the reflection. Simple enough. You can make a mirror by putting a thin layer of silver on a glass surface. But, how does the mirror reflection actually work?
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-------------------- 2498 - MIRROR - how does it work, really?
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- Light is an electromagnetic wave. When electromagnetic energy hits a substance made of atoms the energy is either reflected or absorbed. The electromagnetic energy absorbed is going to put the electrons in the atoms at a higher level of energy. These electrons in the silver atoms have to stay in the silver because the glass is an insulator.
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- Because there is only a thin layer of metal in which the electrons can move, the electromagnetic energy is quickly reduced and there is only a small loss of energy. The wave amplitude decays very quickly in the silver, usually within a fraction of a wavelength.
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- A wavelength is about 600 nanometers. The small loss of energy in the silver does result in some heating of the metal. Very small. Most of the optical power is reflected at the air-metal surface. In other words the optical power is transferred to another optical wave traveling in the opposite direction.
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- This wave transfer occurs because the optical properties of the air are much, much different that the properties of the metal or the glass. Electromagnetic waves experience significant reflection at interfaces between media with substantially different propagation properties.
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- The optical power loss in a silver mirror is only a few percent.
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- These small losses in power, and slight heating of metal are no problem for bathroom mirrors. However, they become an engineering challenge for laser mirrors. Heating could cause the slightest bulging of the mirror surface which could in turn defocus a laser beam.
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- So, for lasers, engineers use dielectric mirrors. These consist only of non-conductive materials, that is insulators. A laser mirror is constructed of 15 pairs of silica, SiO2, and titanium dioxide, TiO2, layers only a few hundred nanometers thick.
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- The reflection of each layer is rather weak, but, after 15 layers these dielectric mirrors can reflect laser light with 99.9% efficiency. The trade-off is that the dielectric mirror is only effective at the very limited frequency of the laser light. Different mirrors must be constructed for different color lasers.
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- These dielectric mirrors , since they are frequency selective, can be designed to say reflect 80% of the green light, transmit 20% and transmit 100% of the red light.
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- Looking at this mirror from the quantum-mechanical perspective the photons reflected from the mirror are identical to the photons incident on the mirror, apart from the propagation direction.
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- The heating means that some fraction of the photons are lost. The ratio of reflection to absorption is all a matter of probabilities for each photon. If the photon is absorbed it becomes a “phonon” in the metal. A phonon is an oscillation or a type of vibration, or sound wave in the metal. Thermal energy is vibrating atoms. A phonon would be a wave of vibrating atoms.
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- One interesting aspect of engineering mirrors for telescopes is to shape the mirror into a parabolic surface so that all parallel light gets focused to a single point. Glass mirrors need to be ground and polished into their parabolic shape. But, an interesting idea is to simply slowly rotate a bowl of liquid mercury.
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- It is an interesting mathematical model that a rotating disk confined with sides dips in the center to produce a perfect parabolic surface.
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- Such telescopes already exist. There is a 6 meter telescope in Vancouver, Canada, and a 3 meter in NASA’s Orbital Debris Observatory in New Mexico.
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- Mercury freezes at Moon temperatures. An idea in the works is this may be a great way to construct a large telescope on the Moon. Once the mercury was warmed and spun into the right shape it could be frozen and become a permanent mirror.
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- Liquid mirrors usually have the limitation that they can only be pointed straight up. Unlike the standard telescope that can be pointed in many directions. However, engineers are working with a high viscosity hydrophilic liquid that can be tilted up to 10 degrees with out distortion.
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- Next they are working on metal-liquid-like films that are thin-reflective layers of self -assembling metallic nanoparticles. That is a mouth full. But, if successful these engineers could be designing large ultra-cheap telescopes that every one could use for backyard astronomy. You could build your own liquid mirrors right at home.
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- And, now you know how a mirror works.
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- November 27, 2019 2498 1161
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----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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--------------------- Wednesday, November 27, 2019 --------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

QUASARS - Blackholes with Personalities

- 2496 - QUASARS - Blackholes with personalities. Quasars are high-energy sources in the heavens that astronomers discovered over 50 years ago. They have remained mysteries to this day, however we certainly know a lot more about them. A quasar can emit more energy in one second than our Sun can emit in 200 years.
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--------------------- 2496 - QUASARS - Blackholes with Personalities
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- Grote Reber discovered quasars in 1936 from his backyard in Illinois. Grote had built the first radio telescope and soon detected high-energy radio emissions coming from several of the constellations. Quasar is an acronym, QSRS, for quasi-stellar radio source.
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- More than 13,000 quasars have now been discovered. Astronomers expect to discover over 100,000 in future surveys.
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- All quasars are redshifted greater that .06 nanometers, indicating a receding velocity of 9% the speed of light.
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- This formula is for redshift, or change in wavelength, of a quasar moving away from us at some radial or recession velocity. It is radial because it measures only that component of motion that is on the radius, straight line, between us and the quasar.
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- The change is wavelength / normal wavelength = radial velocity / velocity of light.
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---------------------------- .06 nm / 656.285nm = radial velocity / 300,000 km/sec
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---------------------------- velocity = 27.43 km / sec = 9.14 % the speed of light
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- A quasar can emit more energy in one second than our Sun can emit in 200 years.
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- Solar luminosity = 3.8 * 10^26 watts = 3.8 * 10^26 joules / second * 3.16 8 10^7 seconds / year * 200 years = 2.4 * 10^36 joules = 2.4 * 10^45 ergs. More than 200 years of the Sun’s energy radiated in one second.
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- A Quasar named PKS 2000-330 is so highly redshifted the spectral emission lines in the far-ultraviolet are seen at visible wavelengths. This would mean that the source was 13,000,000,000 light-years away and traveling 95 % the speed of light. , we are seeing objects that appeared when our Universe was only 6 % its current age ( 800,000,000 years old out of its 14,000,000,000-year lifetime) -
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- The Hubble constant of the straight line plotting velocity versus distance in Megaparsecs. The slope of the line is a constant 70 kilometers / second / megaparsec.
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- Velocity = Ho * distance = 72 km /sec / Mpc * 13 * 10 to the 9 LY / 3.262 * 10 to the 6 LY / Mpc = 286,900 km/sec = 95.6 % speed of light. - If you believe the Hubble constant is 72 km / sec / Mpc is truly constant and stays constant across the universe.
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- We now believe that quasars are the result of emissions from supermassive blackholes located in the centers of most galaxies, including the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy. ( See Review 31 “Sagittarius, the Center of Our Milky Way Galaxy” )
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- All quasars are redshifted and very bright. This tells us they are very far away and have enormous energy. The quasar in Cygnus A is redshifted 14,000 km/sec ( approximately 5% the speed of light), indicating that the source is 634,000,000 light years away.
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----------------- Hubble’s law = recession velocity = Hubble’s constant, Ho / Distance
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------------------ Hubble’s constant, Ho = 72 km / sec / megaparsec
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----------------- Parsec is a distance of 3.262 light-years
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----------------- Megaparsec is 3,262,000 light-years distance.
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- This formula says that as you go out in space every 3.262 million light-years things are accelerating 72 km /sec faster. That is 161,060 miles per hour faster.
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----------------- Distance = (14,000 km/sec) / (72 km / sec / Mpc) * = 194.4 Mpc
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----------------- 194.4 Mpc * 3.262 * 10 to the 6 LY / Mpc = 634,000,000 LY.
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- Cygnus A quasar shines with radio luminosity that is 10,000,000 times more than the whole Andromeda galaxy, M31. The Andromeda galaxy can be seen with the naked eye, has a sky area 5 times larger the a full moon and contains more than 200,000,000 stars.
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- The redshift of quasar named 3C 48 is so great ( 219 nm ) making it 4,500,000,000 light-years away and traveling at 33% the speed of light.
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- 33% * 300,000 km / sec = 100,000 km / sec / 72 km /sec /Mpc = 1389 Mpc 3.626 LY / Mpc = 4,530,555,556 light-years.
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- Redshifted 219 nanometers from orange into the far infrared = 100,000 / 300,000 = 219 nm / 656.285 nm for orange light
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- Many quasars vary in brightness over a few months or days, with light variation periods as rapid as 3 hours. An object cannot vary in brightness faster than it takes light to travel across that object. This rapid, 3 hour, flickering means the source of that energy must be quite small. It is producing the luminosity of 100 galaxies from a volume, with a diameter smaller that of our solar system.
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---------------- one hour * 671 million miles / hour = 671,000,000 miles = about the diameter of our Jupiter’s orbit.
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---------------- Jupiter’s orbit diameter is 10.4 astronomical units * 93 million miles / AU = 967 million miles .
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---------------------------- 70% of Jupiter’s orbit.
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- X-ray measurements reveal that some quasars can turn the energy output of 10,000,000,000 Suns on and off, all within a span of 1 hour.
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- If a shell of mass is one light-day in diameter and it brightens all at once the light from the near side reaches your eye one day before the light change from the far side. So, it takes one day to change brightness, thus it is one light-day in diameter.
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- Quasars emit x-ray radiation because gas is exposed to very high temperatures, radio-emitting jets shoot out in highly directional rays, material shoots out escaping at nearly the speed of light. All this suggests that an enormous black hole is the energy engine at the source.
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- An enormous Blackhole is one that has billions solar mass, a billion times the mass of our Sun. Gas close to the event horizon would circle and flatten into a disk. Collisions among atoms in this disk that is orbiting at nearly the speed of light would create the high temperatures.
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- This rotation of charged atoms would become a giant dynamo creating huge magnetic fields along the spin axis. These huge magnetic fields could launch the concentrated jets of material at light speeds.
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- Maybe most galaxies were quasars in their youth. And, Blackholes might be at the bottom of many other galactic observations. It could be that the different appearance astronomers identify could be the same Blackholes at different sizes and viewed from different orientations.
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- If you are looking directly into and perpendicular to the disk you observe quasar jets head on. If you are observing at an angle you see x-rays from the hot gases in the rotating disk. If you observe at right angles to the axis of rotation you see the toroid around the center axis that appears as a loud radio source. What we are seeing and measuring could just be from the way we are looking at it.
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- What would happen if a Black hole swallowed another Black Hole? Could this be the Gamma Ray Burster? Another article if you’re interested.
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- What’s a Gamma Ray Burster? They are being discovered in all directions ( all over the celestial sphere) at the rate of about one a day. 3000 observed to date. They are 12,000,000,000 light-years away and emit energy in 100 seconds what our Sun will emit over its entire 10,000,000,000 year lifetime.
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- How was the Black Hole at the center of our Milky Way measured at 3,500,000 solar masses?
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- If quasars appeared so quickly after the big bang, how could these blackholes grow so massive so quickly.
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- November 26, 2019. 2496 4 364
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
--- to: ------ jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
- https://plus.google.com/u/0/ -- www.facebook.com -- www.twitter.com
--------------------- Wednesday, November 27, 2019 -------------------------
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