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-------------------- 2503 - ENTANGLEMENT - Crosses the Universe?
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- Electrons can change shells in the atom and tell us how far a galaxy is away from us.
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- Electrons in the same shell of an atom are entangled in order to obey the Exclusion Principle that does not allow two electrons to share the same energy state in the atom.
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-How these two properties communicate across the Universe is totally different.
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- We just do not understand our current understanding of the Universe we observe. We know the Universe is expanding because galaxies are accelerating away from us in all directions. We appear to be in the center of an explosion.
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- However, it does not matter where you are in the Universe you feel the same way. For this to be true then it is not an normal explosion where everything is flying apart. It is the space between everything that is expanding that makes it appear like an explosion.
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- We can learn how fast space is expanding by measuring the apparent receding velocities indicated by the Doppler Shift of the light coming to us from these galaxies.
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- The light is electromagnetic energy emitted by atoms when electrons fall from an excited energy state to a lower energy state. We can measure these energy emission very accurately in the laboratory. A discussion that follows will illustrate how this Doppler Shift is used.
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- Electrons must obey the Exclusion Principle and they can not occupy the same energy state at the same time. If two electrons are in the ground energy state of an atom they must be linked together so one has a spin up and the other has a spin down in order to not share the same energy state.
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- This entanglement between these two electrons allows them to share properties and reverse properties simultaneously regardless of how much space separates them. It takes lightyears for the electromagnetic energy to reach us from the receding galaxies. But, entangled particles on separate galaxies can communicate instantaneously regardless of the lightyears of distance that separates them.
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- Because of the speed of light being limited and being a constant velocity, every observer in the Universe sees something happening simultaneously as happening at different times in spacetime.
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- The light we see from distant galaxies can be billions of years old. What we observe in a “now” instant in time actually happened billions of years ago. However, entangled particles can somehow communicate over this same distance without waiting.
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- To measure how fast space is expanding we measure the “ redshift” of the light coming from the galaxies. The shift in the frequency of the light is toward the red end of the spectrum because the galaxy is speeding away from us and the wavelength of light is being stretched out as it reaches us. The ratio of the amount of shift to the original wavelength is the same as the receding velocity is to the velocity of light.
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----------------- w - wo / wo = v / c
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---------------- w = the wavelength measured
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--------------- wo = the wavelength originally emitted by the source
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--------------- v = the receding velocity of the galaxy
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--------------- c = the velocity of light
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- One way to look at the redshift formula is that it is the percentage error equal to the percentage of the velocity is to the velocity of light. ( See Review 834 “ The Redshift Explained” if you want to learn more.)
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- To get “ wo” the wavelength of the originally emitted radiation from the source we must identify the source that is emitting the electromagnetic energy. Each element’s atom has a unique set of energy shells for the electrons orbiting its nucleus. When an electron falls from a higher energy shell to a lower energy shell it emit’s a unique packet of electromagnetic energy at a unique wavelength to match the energy gap it just jumped.
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- For example:
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum = 393.37 nanometers wavelength
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum = 396.85
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 656.28
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- When astronomers observe the light coming from galaxy NGC 1357 the wavelength spectrums are redshifted. They are longer by a small amount.
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum = 396.20 nanometers wavelength
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum = 399.72
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 660.86
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- Now calculating the a percentage of redshift of these wavelength using the formula , (w - wo) / wo = v / c:
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------------ Calcium atom K shell spectrum redshift = 0.719%
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------------ Calcium atom H shell spectrum redshift = 0.723%
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----------- Hydrogen atom H shell spectrum = 0.700%
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- Taking the average redshift at 0.71% means the velocity of the receding galaxy is traveling at 0.71% the speed of light, v / c. The speed of light is 671,000,000 miles per hour. Therefore the receding speed of the galaxy is 4,765,000 miles per hour. That is almost 5 million miles per hour. Wow!
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- To estimate the distance of this galaxy we can make the assumption that all similar looking galaxies are the same size. And, if we compare the angular size of this galaxy with the angular size of a closer galaxy that has a known distance then we can estimate the distance of NGC 1357.
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- For example: The Andromeda galaxy M31, is at a known distance because we have studied Cepheid Variable stars in our neighbor galaxy. ( See Review 1055 “Cepheid’s Used to Discover America” if you want to learn how Cepheid Variables work.)
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- The size of this galaxy, NGC 1357, in the sky is 0.79 milli-radians, which is an angular size of 0.000,004,53 degrees.
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---------- Distance to NGC 1357 / distance to M31 = Angular size of NGC 1357 / angular size of M31
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- The distance to NGC 1357 is 91 million lightyears. If you do these same calculations for 10 more galaxies, plotting the receding velocity versus distance you get a straight line with a slope of 47,000 miles per hour per million lightyears. That is how fast that the space between the galaxies is expanding.
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- It is known as Hubble’s Constant. It says that for every million lightyears distance the galaxy is traveling 47,000 miles per hour faster away from us.
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- If we run this slope backwards in time we come to the point where all the galaxies were smashed together. Distance = rate * time. So, Time = Distance / velocity.
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------------------- t = d / v
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------------------ t = 1 million lightyears / 47,000 miles per hour.
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----------------- t = 5,880,000,000,000,000,000 miles / 47,000 miles per hour / 8760 hours per year
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-------------------- t = 14 billion years.
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- Therefore the age of the Universe must be about 14,000,000,000 years.
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- Electrons changing energy levels tell us how fast space is expanding. Electrons can not share the same energy state. Two electrons in the ground state of an atom must share a common wave function that forces one to spin up and the other to spin down.
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- Once entangled in this matter the electrons share this wave function no matter how far they are separated. If one changes state the other switches to the opposite state instantaneously.
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- This Exclusion Principle is not hard to visualize inside the atom. It boggles the mind when we separate these electrons with great distances and the same behavior continues. Actions are somehow communicated over great distances faster than the speed of light.
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- (See Review 2501 “ Entanglement in Quantum Mechanics” and Review 2502 “ Is the Universe Entangled in Property Pairs that Defy Reason?” if you want to learn more.)
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- We have been reviewing the properties of spin in electrons being entangled. But, similar entanglement properties occur with other particles and with photons. The photons can be vertically and horizontally polarized.
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- If two photons are entangled then the one’s polarization is always found to be the opposite polarization of the other no matter how far the photons are apart or how many times they are flipped from one polarization to the other. The entangled probabilities of each particle’s wave function is inverted and it stays inverted no matter the amount of space between them.
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- All experiments completed since 1982 have verified this property of entangled particles to be true. The math works. The measurements work. But, the theories can not explain how or why it works. Somehow wave functions span the Universe.
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- We know that time slows down as relative motion speeds up. As particles approach the speed of light time slows down until it stops. The photon always and only travels at the speed of light. Therefore time stops for all photons. If time has stopped there is no way for 2 photons to know they are not next to each other. Two entangled particles always retain the common wave function as if they were right next to each other.
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--------- Energy of a photon = Planck’s Constant of Action * frequency.
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------------ E = 0.000,000,000,000,004,136 electron volt * seconds / cycle * “f “ cycles / second.
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------------ E / f = CONSTANT
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------------ If energy increases than frequency increases in order to keep the ratio constant.
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------------ E = m*c^2
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----------- c^2 = (speed of light)^2 = 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 meters^2 / second ^2
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------------ E / m = CONSTANT
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- If mass increases energy increase in order to keep the ratio constant at the speed of light squared.
- The potential energy of gravity between 2 particular masses, “m” and “M”, is constant.
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------------- P.E. * d = G * m* M
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------------- “G” is the gravitational constant = 0.000,000,000,066,7 meters^3 / (kilograms * seconds^2)
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------------- P.E * d = CONSTANT
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- If the distance between two mass increases the potential energy of gravity between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- The same thing happens with the potential energy of magnetism between 2 particular charges:
------------- P.E. * d = K * q* Q
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------------- “K” is Coulomb’s constant = 8,990,000,000 kilogram^4 * meter^4 / seconds^4 / columbs^2
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------------- P.E. * d = CONSTANT
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- If the distance between two charges increases the potential energy of the magnetic force between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- And, the same thing happens between two electric charges. If the distance between two electric charges increases the potential energy of the electric force between them decreases in order to keep their product constant.
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- However, in the case of gravity and electromagnetic energy the changes do not happen instantaneously. The changes communicate between the properties at the speed of light.
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- If the energy of the Sun disappears, goes an infinite distance away, we will still receive the energy for 8 more minutes. Somehow the properties in these formulas get paired. At the macro level they exchange properties at the speed of light.
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- At the atomic level where waves dominate over particles they can exchange probabilities and the properties change faster than the speed of light. As soon as I figure out how this works I will let you know. The older I get the smarter I was.
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- November 28, 2019 2503 1231
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--------------------- Thursday, November 28, 2019 --------------------
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