-
-
- Atoms combine to make elements. Elements combine to make molecules. Molecules combine to make endless materials including the protein that is your body. There are 90 natural elements. 4 of the lightest ones were made in the Big Bang. The rest of the heavier elements, astronomers refer to them as metals, were made in supernovae, star explosions. Your body is made of the same material that the Sun and planets are made of. The elements in you left hand are made from one exploding star while the same elements in your right had were made from a different exploding star.
-
- To get all the elements in your body over 200,000,000 stars exploded and sent their debris into outer space. This debris of gas and dust is called the interstellar medium. It was a giant cloud of this medium that gravity brought together to create the Sun and the planets, and us.
-
- All of these elements exist in your body although most in very small amounts, maybe as small as a few atoms. Here are the elements that are most prevalent:
-
-------------------------------------- oxygen ---------- 61%
-------------------------------------- carbon ---------- 23%
-------------------------------------- hydrogen ------- 10%
-------------------------------------- nitrogen -------- 3%
-------------------------------------- calcium -------- 1%
-
- That adds up to 98% f the total in these 5 elements. The remaining 2% are all the other elements, 85 elements.
-
- In the beginning there were not elements . The Universe was a high energy plasma soup of Quarks and Gluons. Not even atoms had yet formed in the beginning. The Universe was expanding and cooling after the Big Bang. Space and Time expanded. When the energy level subsided enough for the Gluons to capture the Quarks then protons and neutrons could form.
-
- When the Universe cooled even further the photons could capture the protons and electrons and make the first atoms. One proton and one electron combine to form one hydrogen atom, the first element. Hydrogen makes up 10% of your body. 75% of all the elements in the Universe is hydrogen.
-
- Gluons are the force carriers for the Strong Nuclear Force and photons are the force carriers for the electromagnetic force. Along with the Weak Nuclear Force and the force of gravity these four forces are what bring particles together in this expanding Universe. Without these forces everything would still be flying apart.
-
- The nuclear and the electromagnetic forces brought the atoms and elements together. Gravity brought the gas and dust together, compressing the interstellar medium of gas and dust into a high enough density and temperature to start fusion nuclear reactions.
-
- When fusion occurs a small amount of mass gets converted directly into energy in the form of Gamma Ray radiation. The Sun is born as hydrogen gets compressed into forming helium and electromagnetic radiation fills the Solar System with sunlight. When two hydrogen nuclei form one helium nuclei the helium is a little lighter than the two hydrogen nuclei. The energy from E=mc^2 is the radiation that pressures outward supporting the constant force of gravity that is compressing inward. The Sun exists in this balance of forces.
- An accretion disk of this same interstellar medium orbited the Sun with a conservation of momentum. 5,000,000,000 years ago this disk of material formed the planets, asteroids, and comets.
-
- Gravity depends on the amount of mass in the star. Our star of one Solar Mass will live for 10,000,000,000 years before all its hydrogen and helium is fused and the nuclear reaction cease. A 10 Solar Mass star has 10 times the gravity and burns nuclear fuel even faster. A 10 Solar Mass star , like Spica, will explode as a supernova in 10,000,000 years. Our Sun will live 1,000 times longer that Spica, which is a larger star with 11 Solar Mass.
-
- A star will fuse all its hydrogen into helium in 10,000,000 years. Helium will fuse together to create carbon. Than carbon will fuse to create Neon, this takes only 100,000 years. Oxygen will fuse to silicon, that takes only 10,000 years. Silicon will fuse into iron in 24 hours. Iron cannot continue fusion, radiation stops, the star collapses under immense gravity, the elements bounce off the center core, and rebound into a supernova explosion. The explosive shockwave will compress and heat elements to fuse even heavier elements. Elements heavier than iron absorb energy they do not release energy when their fusion occurs.
-
- All 90 elements are created in this process. (See review #47 to learn more about the Periodic Table of elements.) Each element is neutral charge having the same number of protons in the nucleus as electrons in orbits. Elements with one electron in the atom’s outer shell include: hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and radon, called the alkali elements. We have not talked about isotopes and neutrons. Things are more complicated but this review keeps it simple.
-
- Elements with 2 electrons in the outer shell: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium , called the alkaline earth metals.
-
- 2 and 3 electrons: scandium, yttrium, lanthanum
-
- 2 and 4 electrons: titanium, zirconium, hafnium
-
- 1 and 5 electrons: vanadium, niobium tantalum
-
- 1 and 6 electrons: chromium molybdenum, tungsten
-
- 2 and 7 electrons: manganese, tellurium, rhenium
-
- 1 and 8 electrons: iron, elements heavier that iron require energy for fusion and do not give up energy when they fuse. This is why stars collapse when fusion reaches iron. The heavier elements above iron are created when the supernova explosion shockwave smashes into itself and the interstellar medium.
-
- 1 and 9 electrons: cobalt, rhodium, iridium
-
- 1 and 10 electrons: nickel, palladium, platinum
-
- 1 and 11 electrons: copper, silver, gold
-
- 2 and 12 electrons: zinc, cadmium, mercury
-
- 1 and 3 electrons boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium
-
- 4 and 6 electrons: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead
-
- 3 and 5 electrons: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth.
-
- 4 and 6 electrons: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium
-
- 5 and 7 electrons: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine , astatine, called the halogens.
-
- 2, 6 and 8 electrons: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, called the inert gases.
-
- All of these elements exist in the gas and dust of the interstellar medium, in the space between the stars. The elements were created when stars die. Dust to dust. The same way stars are born. Gravity is the creator and nuclear fusion sustains life of the star. Called nucleosynthesis, the creation of elements. All of these are in your body at the atomic level and some at the molecular level and some the very proteins and DNA that create your life and sustain it.
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
RSVP, please reply with a number to rate this review: #1- learned something new. #2 - Didn’t read it. #3- very interesting. #4- Send another review #___ from the index. #5- Keep em coming. #6- I forwarded copies to some friends. #7- Don‘t send me these anymore! #8- I am forwarding you some questions? Index is available with email and with requested reviews at http://jdetrick.blogspot.com/ Please send feedback, corrections, or recommended improvements to: jamesdetrick@comcast.net.
or, use: “Jim Detrick” www.facebook.com, or , www.twitter.com.
707-536-3272, Wednesday, March 21, 2012
No comments:
Post a Comment