- 1954 - Critical Thinking. How to have it? This was s Stanford University course. It is an organized way of thinking about a problem and making a decision. Follow these rules. Think before you act. You always have 2 decisions to make “ what” to do, then “how” best to do it.
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---------------------------- 1954 - How can you learn critical thinking?
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- Here is a review to teach you the rules for “ Critical Thinking”: It was a Stanford University course and the best college course I ever attended.
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--------------------- Reporter's method of classifying questions:
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----------------- who ?
------------------what ?
----------------- where ?
-------------------when ?
----------------- why ?
----------------- how ?
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--------------------- Critical Thinking's seven basic questions:
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(1) ----------------- Is it important?
(2) ---------------- Does the question need clarification?\
(3) ---------------- What are the assumptions?
(4) ---------------- Is this true? What is the evidence?
(5) ---------------- Why?
(6) --------------- What are the consequences?
(7) ---------------- What action should I take?
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(1) Go/No Go: Is this important?
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--------------- Is this interesting?
--------------- Why think about this?
--------------- Why consume time or neurons on this?
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- (2) Questions of CLARIFICATION
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---------------- What do you mean?
--------------- Do I understand fully the question or the problem?
--------------- Do I really understand the issue?
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- (3) Questions of ASSUMPTION
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--------------- What is being assumed?
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- (4) BASIC CRITICAL QUESTIONS
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--------------- Is this true?
--------------- What's the EVIDENCE?
--------------- What's your source?
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- (5) BASIC SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS
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--------------- Why?
--------------- What caused this?
--------------- What's the EXPLANATION?
---------------- How is this supposed to work?
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- (6) IMPLICATIONS
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--------------- What will be the effect?
--------------- What are the possible consequences?
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- (7) ACTIONS
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--------------- What should be done?
-------------- What should I DO?
---------------- Remember, doing nothing is a decision of no action.
---------------- There are always 2 questions you have to answer, what to do, then, how to do it. Most people take action before considering how best to answer the second part of the question.
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- Learning starts when driven by the student's thoughts:
Follow the student's agenda, not yours. Confucius said: First become a student then a teacher will come. In other words you first have to want to learn.
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- Questions are the tools for learning.
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- Think critically about BOTH sides of an argument.
- Begin with the hypothesis, the thesis.
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- DEBATE is when the purpose is to persuade the other party.
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- DIALOGUE is when the purpose is to help one another think more clearly,
more personally, more critically.
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- The more education you have, the more you are able to overcome your fear
of asking embarrassing questions. Or, giving I don’t know answers
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- Questions of clarification:
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- Definitions, do we need to define any terms or hypotheses
- Classifications, do we need to categorize things
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- “Meaning building” questions: examples: word etymology, what do the words mean? Comparisons, what are some similarities, or analogies?
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- Questions about ASSUMPTIONS: If the assumption is false would it make
the entire sentence be inaccurate?
- UNDERSTAND FIRST, THEN EVALUATE
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- Sources - is it clean?
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- Does it have credibility?
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- Is it a rationalization?
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- Being objective - if you're working hard to understand both sides
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- We use "stereotypes" all the time.
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- Learn to live with questions. You don't always have to have answers.
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- "I don't know",
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- "I'm of two minds,"
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- "I can see both sides of the issue, and haven't made up my mind", is
fine.
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- RATIONALIZATION - does not express a true or a real reason.
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- Test: apply double negatives and see if the argument is still true.
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- Real thinking, true dialogue is inarticulate honest, hesitation way of thinking.
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- You must feel safe to open up and have a true dialogue.
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- However, people find credibility in people who talk with confidence,
convincing, well dressed, good looking, good personality, earthy, the
most credible person in the US is...........Johnny Carson. Or, is it Barack Obama?
- People are sheep.
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- People who are really trying to learn find credibility with knowledge,
experience, honesty, true dialogue, asking critical questions.
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- Being objective - means weighing everything by the same standard.
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- Humans have a problem using a tool and studying a tool at the same time.
Doing a task and thinking how to do the task. Using a computer and
learning how a computer works.
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- Collaborative learning = is dialogue, teamwork, working together to learn
together.
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- These ideas about learning are in the cutting-edge of today's academic
and "the cutting-edge is the booting-edge."
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- Critical thinking is a skill that will transcend all of your careers. Other attributes for success will be flexibility, ability to learn new things, teamwork with cultural diversity , communications skills, enthusiasm for "change."
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"The Question Book"
Tools for Critical Thinking
Efficient Thinking
Collaborative Thinking
By Dennis Matthies (6-26-91)
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---- Comments appreciated and Pass it on to whomever is interested. ----
--- Some reviews are at: -------------- http://jdetrick.blogspot.com -----
-- email feedback, corrections, request for copies or Index of all reviews
- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Friday, March 17, 2017 -----
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