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--------------------------- - 1949 - Quantum computers used in cryptography.
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- Space-based transmission of quantum cryptographic keys could make the “ unhackable” internet a reality. The trick is to create a “key” out of entangled photons of light. The problem - science is still working on how to transmit these entangled photons over large distances without them getting scrambled.
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- One solution is to instead of long lines of fiber cable put quantum satellites into orbit. The satellites could transmit “keys” to two locations 1,000’s of miles apart. This technique would allow packets of encrypted data to be totally secure, safely using the laws of physics.
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- Our first science using entangled photons came with the invention of the atomic clock. The cesium beam atomic clock using 1950’s technology. Today these atomic clocks fit into a rack 19 inches wide. Soon there will be a cell phone- size clock launched in a satellite.
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- The first technology worked by putting energy into atoms creating ‘superposition” where electrons are in more than one energy state at the same time. Each atom has its own unique clock frequency. Atoms absorb and emit energy only in specified unique packets of discrete size, called “ quanta”. Frequency determines the energy level of each quanta. E=h*f Energy = Planck’s constant * frequency.
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- The light waves and photon particles can act as both at the same time. Particles can be at two states at once. Particles in connected states can be separated at great distances and can somehow sense each others state, or change of state. This is called, “ entanglement” The two connected states are only higher or lower probabilities of a given outcome when measured. Measurement causes the state to collapse into one or the other.
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- This particle / wave duality state condition was clear in mathematics in the 1920’s .Actual experiments in the 1950’s show staggering precision using this phenomena. These same conditions can be used to generate uncrackable encryption codes. It could form the basis for impenetrable communication networks. It could be the basis for quantum computing.
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- Quantum computes cold easily and quickly crunch through unapproachable complex problems. It could improve the transmission of electrical power. It could synthesize the manufacture of energy-sensitive fertilizer. Or, simply search through extremely large data sets for a specific fact or calculation to be made. It could provide new solutions in finance, energy, and in aerospace.
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- Quantum technology could be used in artificial intelligence. It could provide super sensitivity in making measurements. The atomic clock today provides accuracy to within 1 second over the 13,800,000,000 years since the Big Bang.
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- It can measure time so accurately it can be used to measure elevations because time moves more slowly closer to Earth than at higher elevations. It could measure height differences down to a millimeter. It could sense changes in gravity to where discovery of oil or gas pockets could be made from the Earth’s surface.
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- An atomic interferometer used 2 particle streams sent in different paths and then brought them back together to create an interference pattern. Such a system was used to discover gravitational waves created by merging Blackholes billions of lightyears away.
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- It could tell underground pipe work from pebbles. It could detect submarines and torpedoes. A good accelerometer is a good vibration sensor. It could act as a precise sensor of pressure, temperature, and electric current.
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- It could detect the on-off magnetic field of a single nerve cell. It could detect chemical changes in living cells. It could supplement biological imaging, PET scans, Positron Emission Tomography, used to map the inside of the human body.
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- Quantum networks could underpin “ unhackable” communication links. Using Quantum-key Distribution, QKD. The transmitter launches a single photon randomly choosing one of 4 polarizations ( 2 are ones and 2 are zeros). This is used to carriy the cryptographic key.
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- The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle guarantees that any eavesdropper would disrupt the code. You know if someone is on the line. Even this technique was broken by observing the heat being generated . A “one” generates more heat than a “zero” exposing the string of digits. But, this too can be disguised to remain unhackable. Staying one step ahead of the crafty spies.
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- There are many more problems to be overcome. The applications presented above are not just theoretical. There are dozens of working quantum computers working in labs and research centers around the world. Transmitting through fiber over distance is a problem. Qubits states tend to scramble over fiber limiting transmissions to 100,s of miles. However, using satellites they could extend this to 1,000’s of miles. Or, invent quantum repeaters in fiber that could be installed over longer fiber transmissions lines.
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- The quantum internet could be totally secure. New programming standards are being developed to share among these commercial ventures. Software interfaces could be “certified” to comply to standards. Miniaturization could get quantum radios (cell phones) down to hand held size.
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- The use of Quantum Computers to “simulate” design before prototypes are even built will be common. The computer could design better batteries, better fertilizer, better alloys for airplanes and satellites. The design is completed before any production would start saving years of time and millions of dollars.
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- Quantum computers perform calculations faster. Optimization problems can get results quickly. Encrypted communications filed away for years could now be analyzed and their cryptic codes broken. Spies could eventually be caught.
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- A major trick is the ability to transmit one photon at a time. A 60-watt light bulb is putting out 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 photons per second. The technology is here today to capture just one of those photons. Look forward to amazing innovations over the next few years as these applications prove practical. If you can’t keep up, take notes.
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- Note (1): Request any of the Reviews by number to learn more.
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- #1818 Quantum Computing
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- #1457 about Quantum dots.
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- #1035 about biology using quantum mechanics
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- #1828 Quantum entanglement plus listing of 7 more reviews on this subject.
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- #1548 Quantum Gravity
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- #688 The Universe is a computer.
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- #658 The Quest for reality
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- #539 The birth of Quantum Mechanics
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- #67 Welcome to the Quantum World
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- #51 The Waves of Matter.
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----- 707-536-3272 ---------------- Monday, March 13, 2017 -----
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