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---------------- - 1957 - Weird Science - Quantum Entanglement
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- How many atoms are in the Observable Universe. Break it down further into fundamental particles and how many particles are in the Universe?
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- The answer: 10^80. That is a 1 followed by 80 zeros. Don’t ask me to name it, many mega trillions. Huge!
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- Using another estimate , Quantum Mechanics math, we get energy density of 10^113 Joules per cubic meter of vacuum. Remember energy and particles are two forms of the same thing , E=mc^2
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- Another estimate using General Relativity math we get 10^-9 Joules per cubic meter.
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- Well there you go, science is a little bit in disagreement, 10^120 between the two answers.
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- The vacuum is not nothing. It has a very large energy density. And, energy density in a vacuum varies from point to point creating density fluctuations. Even the rate of time may vary. Time is not a constant either. When you get down to the minimum size particles who have fluctuating “quantum foam“. The degree of fluctuation is controlled by the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle.
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- Here are some of the “ quanta” that make up the quantum foam:
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------------------------------- Planck Time = 10^-43 seconds
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-------------------------------- Planck Mass = 2.2083 8 10^-8 kilograms
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-------------------------------- Planck Length = 10^-35 meters
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-------------------------------- Planck Momentum = 4.136*10^-15 per wavelength
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-------------------------------- Planck Frequency = 1.85*10^43 wavelength per second
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- It is space-time curvature that gives rise to gravity.
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- The critical density when the Universe turns in to a Blackhole when the density is within 1% of the observed 10^-9 Joules per cubic meter.
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- Over the age of the universe there has been no change in the total energy density. The Energy Density at Planck space-tine = energy density of the Observable Universe plus the energy density of the vacuum.
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- A perfect vacuum is a place entirely devoid of matter. How can a friction can possibly exist, it’s empty space. But, physicists are seeing that a decaying atom traveling through a vacuum experiences a friction-like force. There is a strange energy filling the virtual particle -anti-particle pairs that pop in to and out of existence in a perfect vacuum
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- These quantum shifts produce randomly fluctuating electric fields. When a photon is emitted while the atom is moving in the opposite direction there appears a friction-like force that results in a loss of velocity
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- The atom actually loses momentum not velocity, it loses a tiny amount of energy which corresponds to a tiny amount of mass.
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- Since 1982 scientists have been trying to prove the quantum theory of “ entanglement”. Produce twin photons by heating calcium atoms with a laser. The photons travel in opposite directions to two polarization analyzers.
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- Each photon always would correlate the angle of polarization with that of its twin. The two photos are somehow ‘non- locally” connected. This suggests that “all” particles are somehow inter - connected regardless of “ space, , “ distance” in between them.
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- Here is a scenario to try and wrap your mind around this:
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- You have a fish tank which contains one fish. The video cameras are placed on the outside. One looking at the broadside of the tank and the other looking in on the narrow side. A person who had never seen an aquarium or a fish, looking at the monitors would apparently see two fish. However, when one fish moved the other would make a different , yet corresponding move. It might appear to this observer that the two fish are communicating instantaneously. However, after a while you will see a pattern and realize the deeper reality involved and that the two fish are actually the same fish viewed from two different angles.
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- In the same way the photons that we observe in the non-locally experiment are actually one and the same. Like a hologram all the information possessed by every part is possessed by the whole. - the information is distributed non-locally.
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- Talk about weird science.
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- It gets worse.
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- The laws of physics are supposed to be symmetrical in time and space. However, magnets break space symmetry. The magnetic spin of atoms spread in all direction, not aligned in one direction or another. The same is true in crystals . Atoms in a crystal have preferred positions which makes them appear different based on what angle you observe them.
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- That is space symmetry. It can be broken. Then there is time symmetry that never breaks.
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- Quantum computers require atoms to exist in entangles states. When one changes states it automatically causes the other to change states, instantaneously.
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- An even bigger mystery is what is causing space to expand. Distant galaxies recede from each other because the fabric of space itself is being stretched. This means the mass and energy density of the Universe is dropping. Somehow the fabric of space is being curved, distorted, and forced to evolve over time by the presence of matter and energy. The warping of space-time by gravitational masses.
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- In Einstein’s Theory of Relativity equations there is a term called the “Cosmological Constant”. This is somehow extra energy permeating “empty” space. The further away a galaxy is from us, the more space there is between us, on average, the faster the galaxy appears to recede from out perspective. The more space the more there is to stretch.
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- But, the Universe is not perfectly uniform. There are over- dense regions and under-dense regions. There are dense planets, and stars, And, then there are cosmic voids.
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- A large collection of many thousands of galaxies makes up our neighborhood, 100,000,000 light years on a side. If some gravitational or electromagnetic force can hold things together, then even an expanding space cannot affect a change. The more powerful forces dominate but it becomes less with distance.
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- There is a certain speed that space will expand between any two objects, but, if the speed is less than the escape velocity between the two objects then there is a binding force that will not increase the distance between them. Bound objects can survive unchanged for eternity in an expanding Universe.
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- The fabric of space may be expanding everywhere but it doesn’t have a measurable effect on every object. Only on the larger scales where the binding force is too weak is when the Hubble rate of expansions occurs. For astronomers “H” is equal to 74.2 kilometers per second per mega parsec.
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- I guess the space between your ears is safe. The Hubble rate translates to 49,306 miles per hour per second per million lightyears of space. When you come right down to it everything is in motion, regardless. But, where is all this going? An announcement will be made shortly, stay tuned.
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