Tuesday, November 6, 2018

Electric Charge



-  2155  - Electric Charge. Review 2154 “ Extreme Magnetism”  concluded the all magnetism could be explained by the movement of an electric charge.  Movement is the rate of change of space with respect to time.  When an electric charge stands still it creates an electric field.  When an electric charge moves it also creates a magnetic field.  But, what is an electric charge?
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---------------------------------2155  -  Electric Charge
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-   Review 2154 “ Extreme Magnetism”  concluded the all magnetism could be explained by the movement of an electric charge.  Movement is the rate of change of space with respect to time.  When an electric charge stands still it creates an electric field.  When an electric charge moves it also creates a magnetic field.  But, what is an electric charge?
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-  An electric charge has its fundamental root with the electron which is a fundamental atomic particle.  One of 12 fundamental particles in the entire Universe.  The electron exists in its orbit because of an attractive force with a proton which also has an electric charge located at the nucleus of the atom.
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-  The magnitude of this electric charge from the electron was arbitrarily given the value of
"-1"and all other magnitudes were compared with that number.  The proton has the opposite charge and obtained the electric charge of " +1". 
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-  The three Quarks, that make up the proton, obtained the electric charge magnitude of  "-1/3" and " + 2/3".
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-  An electric charge by itself creates an electrostatic force.  If the charges are the same polarity the forces repel.  If the charges are the opposite polarity the forces attract.  The force operates similar to gravity with the magnitude of the force being directly  proportional to the magnitude of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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-  The inverse square part of the formula is simple the result of a force radiating from a stationary point in to a 3-dimensional world.  The force falls off as the square of the surface area of the expanding 3-D sphere.
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-  In the entire Universe the net electric charge is zero.  This makes the Universe as a whole neutral, electrically.  This means that the Universe has an equal number of electrons and protons.
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-  The unit of measurement for the electric charge is the Coulomb.  A Coulomb is the charge transported by one ampere of current during one second.
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-  One Coulomb  =  6,240,000,000,000,000,000 electron charges.    One Coulomb of electric charge results when that many electrons move by in one second.  Coulomb  =  Ampere * second. 
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-  Any particle that has an electric charge has the same charge no matter how fast it is moving.  This is unlike mass that increases as it approaches the velocity of light.  In the case of mass the energy of momentum is converted into mass according to E = mc^2.  As anything approaches the velocity of light its mass gets infinitely large.  And, it takes infinite energy to move it faster.
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-   The result is nothing can possible go any faster.  On the other hand,  the total "charge" in any isolated system always remains constant.  It is not dependent on relative velocity.  The fact that a charge is always constant means it cannot be created or destroyed.  This is the law of conversation of Charge, or the law of Conservation of Energy. (See note 1)
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-  A Charge is something possessed by a particle allowing it to respond to an electric field or to exert an electrical force.  I know, this is a circular definition.  Beyond that it has something to do with the mathematical “symmetry” of a system.  Anything that has mathematical symmetry has to have a law of conservation of something.  A “charge” is any generator of a continuous symmetry.  The “charge” is what conserves the symmetry of electromagnetism.( See note 1)
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-  We said that to the electric force is proportional to the electric charges and indirectly proportional to the square of the distance between them.  The math formula is:
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------------------------------  The electric force  =  k * q * Q / r^2
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-----------------------------   k is a proportional constant depending on the units of measurement *
---------------------------      q and Q are each the magnitude of the electric charges in Coulombs /
---------------------------       r^2 is the square of the distance between the charges in meters.
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---------------------------  The electric force  =  kilograms / meter*second^2
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---------------------------  Constant = k  = 9,000,000,000 kg  m^3 / sec^2
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---------------------------  Constant = k  = 1/ 4*pi*e, where
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-[-----------------e is the Permittivity of the medium.  e = 8.8*10^-12 Coulombs^2 / newton*m^2
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-  The carrier of the force for an electric charge is the Photon.  The Photon is also the carrier of the magnetic force.  It turns out that the photon carries all light and all electromagnetic radiation.
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-    The electron has a very, very small mass, 9.1*10^-31 kilograms.  The photon has no mass at all and it must always move at the speed of light, in a vacuum that is  186,000 miles per second.  The photon can only carry a fixed amount of energy that depends on its frequency of oscillation , wavelengths per second..  E = h*f.
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-   Since the velocity is always constant, meters per second, the energy depends inversely on the length of the wavelength, wavelengths per cycle.  This fixed amount of energy cannot be divided into smaller bits.  It is fixed by Planck’s Constant of Action  =  6.6*10^-34 km*m^2/sec. The definition of  Action = energy * time.
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 --------------  A = E * t
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----------------Energy = 6.6*10^-34 * frequency
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--------------  E = h * f
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--------------  Energy of a photon  =  0.00000000000000000000000000000000066 * f
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-------------  Energy of a photon  =  6.6*10^-34   * Velocity of Light / Wavelength
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-  If the photon has the wavelength of yellow light, 600 nanometers than the energy in a single photon is 6.6 * 10^-34 * 3*10^8 / 600 * 10^-9   =  3.3 * 10^-19  kg*m^2/sec^2.  That amounts to an energy level of 0.00000000000000000033 which is enough for your eye to detect.
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-  When a photon hits the retina of the eye it changes the geometry of the molecule C20H28O.  Absorption of a single photon straightens the molecule out and creates a nerve impulse that is responsible for vision  One or possible a few photons is enough for you to see the light.  Amazing!
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-   A 100 watt light bulb during one second has the energy of 100 joules, or, 100 kg*m^2/sec^2.
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-  To see how many photons are emitted by a 100 watt light bulb in one second 
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                           =  100 / 3.3*10^-19  =  3 *10^20 photons.
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                          =  300,000,000,000,000,000,000 photons in one second.
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-  Energy = mc^2 but a photon has no mass so this formula does not work.   We have to use the Quantum Mechanics formula Energy = h * f.    A photon does have momentum.  It does have energy.  The formula for the energy of a photon becomes:
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---------------------------   Energy = momentum / c  =  h*f/c  =  h / wavelength.
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-  In the macro-world momentum is mass * velocity, and velocity is rate of change of position with respect to time.  In the quantum world  parameters of position and momentum must be determined with statistics.  Probabilities must be assigned to position and to momentum of a photon. 
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-  A dilemma in Quantum Mechanics is that there is always a trade-off between the two probabilities.  If you can measure position very well than the momentum becomes more uncertain.  If you measure  momentum very well than its position becomes more uncertain.  This is called the Heisenberg’s law of Uncertainty.
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-   At the atomic level these parameters vary over a range of probabilities, or a range of uncertainties.  It is also called the photon’s Wave- Particle Duality.  A photon is a quantum of
 h * f.  It cannot be divided.  Its position and momentum cannot be accurately determined at the same time.  The photon is massless itself.  It carries no electric charge itself, however, it does carry the force of electric field between the charges.  Do you not think this is just too mysterious?
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-  When an electric charge moves it generates a magnetic field.  When an electric charge is accelerated it emits a photon.  When a particle and an anti-particle come together and annihilate each other a photon is emitted. 
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-  The photon is not a short burst of electromagnetic energy, but a quantisized excitation of electromagnetic modes.  Photons have momentum and are affected by the force of gravity.  The electric force is 2*10^39 times greater than the force of gravity,

-------------------   2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 greater.
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-    Newton’s equations have the masses themselves creating a force at a distance.  Einstein’s equations have mass changing the curvature of spacetime.  And, spacetime curvature causes gravity to occur geometrically. 
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-  Photons have energy and momentum.  And, energy too is a form of mass,
 E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 times mass.  Therefore, photons are affected by gravity. 
Gravity bends light.  Astronomers today are using gravitational lensing to see very distant galaxies that they could not otherwise see.  The gravity lens is in between the telescope and the distant galaxy that acts as a giant galactic magnifying glass bending the light to focus on the telescope.  Photons always travel slower through gravity as they do through any transparent matter.
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-  In trying to explain magnetism we got to the movement of an electric charge.  In trying to explain an electric charge we got to the electromagnetic force moved by the photon.  The photon has no electric charge itself but somehow it carries the force of an electric charge. 
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-  When an electric charge moves it creates a magnetic field.  When a  magnetic field moves it moves an electric charge.  Why is there not a magnetic charge that moves creating an electric field.  There is no such thing as a magnetic charge.  Well, there is.  It is called a Monopole magnet.  However, a Monopole has never been found.  All magnets come in dipoles. Cut a dipole in half and you end up with 2 more dipole magnets right down to the atomic level.
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-  All of our modern technology relies on our understanding of the behavior of these fundamentals.  We understand the behaviors very well.  But, it is safe to say that we do not understand the fundamentals themselves very well.  That just leaves more to learn. 
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-  When I started in electrical engineering in 1960 I thought the electron was a mystery we could figure out.   I remember as a kid blowing up the vacuum tubes in every radio in the house trying to figure it out.  Now I have computers and cell phones ( radios ) and I do not think I have advanced much.  It is still a mystery how these things work.
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(1)  See  682 Universal Beauty in Symmetry”  Emmy Noether’s laws of conservation.
(2)  See  2154 “Extreme Magnetism”
(3)  See  726  “Electric and Magnetic forces”
(4)  See  731 and  507 “ The Electron”
------------------------------    November 6, 2018.       821
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 ---------------------   Tuesday, November 06, 2018         -------------------------
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