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------------------- 2174 - Gravity - What is it Really?
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- Gravity is the force that causes masses to attract each other. Of course, we do not know what causes mass. We do not know how the force can exist between masses. What causes matter to have weight anyway? Or, maybe, gravity is not a force.
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- Gravity is the least energy way for mass to travel through spacetime. Mass tells spacetime how to bend. Spacetime tells mass how to move. These two different explanations appear to be totally unrelated in explaining the same thing, gravity.
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- Gravity can not be distinguished from acceleration. Somehow gravity and acceleration are the same thing. If you are standing inside a spaceship with no windows and the ship is on the ground. You feel the gravity on your feet. All physics is normal.
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- Now, if the spaceship is accelerating through space you can not tell the difference. The force of acceleration is on your feet and again all physics is normal. However, if you stop accelerating and travel at a constant velocity in space you are weightless and the force is gone. On the other hand sitting on the ground, we do not know how to turn the gravity off.
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- Gravity as a force. A force is a push or pull that causes a mass to accelerate. There are other forces that cause a mass to accelerate or cause masses to attract each other:
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------------ electric charge force
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------------ magnetic poles force
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---------- weak nuclear force
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------------ strong nuclear force
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------------ gravity force
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------------ vacuum force, anti-gravity, Dark Energy
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- Each of these forces has a force carrier, called a boson. Most, but not all bosons have no mass and always travel at the speed of light. The exception is the W and Z bosons that carrier the weak force and have enormous mass.
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------------- electric charge force ----------- photon
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------------- magnetic poles force ---------- photon
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------------ weak nuclear force ------------ W and Z bosons
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------------ strong nuclear force ------------ gluon
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------------ gravity force --------------------- graviton
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------------ vacuum force, anti-gravity, Dark Energy ------------ virtual particles?
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- The graviton is a massless particle that carries the force of gravity and always travels at the speed of light. Science has never discovered a graviton particle. It is only a theory
- Photons, bosons, and gluons have all been reproduced in particle accelerators. We know they exist. All of these small particles always exist as waves, wave-particle duality.
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- Science is also trying to detect these gravity waves. It they exist we do not need Einstein’s geometry of spacetime to explain gravity. Do masses really exchange massless particles to create the force or do masses really bend spacetime to tell masses how to move. Which is it?
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- Galileo was one of the first to study gravity using water clocks and balls rolling down inclined planes. He discovered that neglecting friction all masses fall at the same rate. This still surprises people even today. Astronauts on the Moon dropped a feather and a hammer and they both hit the ground at the same time.
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- Isaac Newton, in 1687, was the first to realize that the Moon itself was falling around the Earth due to the force of gravity. To visualize this Moon falling fire a cannon from a mountain top. The faster you fire the cannon ball the farther it goes before it hit’s the ground. Fire it fast enough and it will go over the horizon and circle the Earth. The cannon ball keeps falling but just misses the ground. Newton further concluded that the Earth was falling around the Sun.
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- However, Mercury falling around the Sun did not follow Newton’s math. Einstein had to come up with whole new math to explain the slight difference observed in the planet Mercury’s orbit. Einstein’s field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear, differential equations. He used this math to show that gravity put a dip in spacetime in the vicinity of a large mass like the Sun. His equations for Relativity have always proven to be true, so far.
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- Newton’s equations work just fine in most situations. Newton stated that each particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:
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-------------- F = G * m * M / d^2
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-------------- Force = Gravitational Constant * mass * Mass / distance 2
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-------------- Force is also = mass * acceleration
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--------------- m * a = G * m * M / d^2
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-------------- a = G * M / d^2
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-------------- On the surface of the Earth, the acceleration of gravity, “a”, can be calculated using the mass and the radius of the Earth.
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--------------- a = 32 feet / second / second.
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--------------- a = 22 miles per hour / second
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- So, for every second an object is falling it velocity will increase another 22 miles per hour. After 3 seconds it is traveling 66 miles per hour, neglecting air resistance.
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- Gravity is only an attractive force. Electromagnetic forces come in two equal and opposite polarities that cancel each other out. The Universe is electro magnetically neutral. While the attractive force of gravity extends to infinity.
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- The strong and weak forces are limited to extend only to the edge of an atom, 10^-10 meters. The vacuum force is the most recently discovered and it appears to be an anti-gravity. It is a force that repels masses by expanding the space in between them.
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- Called Dark Energy this force is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the Universe. We do not understand gravity and we do not understand Dark Energy, but whatever it is, Dark Energy seems to be winning.
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- Lots left we do not understand. These students have a lot left to work on.
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- November 20, 2018 974
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-------------------------- Friday, November 23, 2018 --------------------------
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