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-------------------- 2181 - Photons - Energy in a Quantum of Light?
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- Gases and liquids carry sound vibrations only as back and forth vibrations. Light, on the other hand, only vibrates sideways. Use your imagination to make this Review your reality. Because there is no reality in the absence of observation. Your consciousness and our observations create your reality.
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- Only relative motion has any physical consequence to the laws of physics because there is no physical means one can observe a body’s absolute motion through space.
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- Measurements of length and time are not absolute but depend on an observer’s velocity. The speed of light, however, is absolute, it is the same for all observers regardless of their motion.
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- The energy of light depends on its frequency, not its intensity.
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- Energy of light = Planck’s constant * frequency of light
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- Planck’s constant is a constant of wave Action. It is Action * Time
Action is the same as Work which is Energy * Time.
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- Planck’s constant of Action = 6.6176 * 10^-27 erg * seconds.
Where an erg is a unit of Work.
- Energy is the erg * seconds * number of waves / second
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- Therefore Energy is the Action or Work per wave * the number of waves per second.
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- Work = force * distance, Energy = Work / unit time
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- Power is Energy per unit Time, therefore, Power is Work / Time^2
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- Energy is Force * Distance / Time
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- Wavelength is Velocity of the Wave / Frequency
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- Momentum is Mass * velocity, which is Energy * velocity, which is Planck’s constant / Wavelength
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- It gets complicated but physics is the discipline of matching mathematics to measurements, or observation. So, hang in there.
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- Brownian motion was an observation first made in 1828. Micron sized particles, in the form of pollen, suspended in at liquid undergo a perpetual zigzag motion. No one could explain what caused it until 77 years later Einstein came up with an explanation. He said it was proof of the existence of atoms. He showed that statistics could explain the random motion caused by the atoms hitting the sides of the grains of pollen.
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- The number of atoms striking the pollen from each direction is equal on average. However, statistically there can be an expected fluctuation away from this average. This in turn leads to unbalanced forces in random directions.
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- In any random process the relative fluctuation from an average value is inversely proportional the square root of the number of samples. The smaller the sample the bigger the fluctuations. For a large particle the number of atoms striking the sides would be large and the forces would balance out. For a small particle the number would be small and the fluctuations would be sufficient to propel the particle in unpredictable directions.
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- Depending on the size of the particle and the temperature of the liquid the amount of force to cause the zigzag motion could be calculated. Temperature is a measure of the average velocity of atoms. Using these relationships the number of atoms striking the pollen could be calculated. In 1913 a French physicists completed these calculations for the number of atoms in a drop of water.
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- The atom is 1000 times smaller than the wavelength of green light. The nucleus of the atom is 10,000 times smaller than the atom itself. The nucleus, where 99.9% of the mass is located, is 200,000 times smaller than the atom. Most of the space of the atom is occupied by the electrons. The extent of the electron’s realm of position possibilities is the size of the atom. To illustrate: If the nucleus were the size of our Sun, the hydrogen atom would be 20 times larger than our Solar System.
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- Light vibrates sideways with two waves perpendicular to each other. One electric wave and one magnetic wave. Then they switch positions in the next half cycle of the wave. The electric wave generates a magnetic wave and the magnetic wave generates an electric wave.
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- Each wave contains a Planck’s constant worth of Action, or Energy * Time.
Therefore, the energy of light is equal to Planck’s constant * the Frequency.
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- The wave is a packet of energy called a photon. In one second the packet of energy travels 186,000 miles. The photon is the force carrier for all electric charge repulsive and attractive forces, and all magnetic repulsive and attractive forces.
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- These forces exists between particles because the photons travel between them. Like throwing a heavy beach ball back and forth. However, the strength of the electric and magnetic force falls off as the square of the distance. This is because the photon radiates energy in a spherical manner. One mile away the energy is spread over 1 square mile on an expanding spherical surface. 2 miles out the surface is 2 miles on a side so the surface area is 4 square miles. Therefore, the photon force carrier is ¼ as strong. 3 miles out the spherical surface is 3 miles on a side, the surface is 9 square miles, the strength of the photon force carrier is now 1/9 as strong. The strength has fallen off as the square of the distance. (It is called the inverse square law)
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- The same is true for the graviton as the strength of gravity falls off as the square of the distance. The same is true for light intensity, dimness of stars falls off as the square of the distance.
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- One erg*second of action is about the amount of action in a blink of your eye.
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- The action in a wavelength of light is equal to Planck’s constant or 10^-27 erg*seconds. This is unbelievably small.
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- The Observable Universe is 10^27 centimeters across. A centimeter is the size of one side of a sugar cube. So, if you stretched sugar cubes across the entire Universe there would be 10^27 of them lined up end for end. One eye blink contains as many erg*seconds as there are sugar cubes in this long white line.
- This action is so small it is a wonder that we ever discovered it.
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- November 21, 2018 615
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-------------------------- Saturday, November 24, 2018 --------------------------
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