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------------------- 2176 - The Gravity of the Details
- In 1687 when Sir Isaac Newton was 45 years old he detailed the laws of gravity in simple equations. F = G * M1*M2 /r^2. These equations work for most everything in our day-to-day world. His equations were accurate enough to put a man on the Moon in 1969. However, when we get down into the details we need a little more accuracy.
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------ Force of Gravity = product of the masses / square of the distance between them.
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- In 1850 Jean Joseph LeVenier noticed that when using Newton’s equations for gravity to calculate the orbit of Mercury the results were a little off. Newton’s equation:
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--------------------- (Period of orbit)^2 = 4*Pi*(radius of orbit)^3 / G * (Mass 1 + Mass 2)
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-------------------- “G” = the Gravitational Constant of Gravity which is supposed to be the same everywhere in the Universe.
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-------------------- G = 6.67259*10^-11 meters^3/ kilogram * seconds^2
-------------------- Mass 1 is the mass of the Sun
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------------------- Mass 2 is the mass of Mercury
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- Mercury’s orbit did not quite follow this equation. Even taking into the effect of the masses of the other planets, which had a very small effect, Mercury’s orbit should itself rotate by 531 arc seconds over 100 years, or, 5.31 arc seconds per year. Instead, measurements had Mercury’s orbit rotating 5.74 arc seconds per year. This was 0.43 arc seconds per year too fast according to Newton’s equations.
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- 230 years after Newton’s equations, Albert Einstein, in 1916, came up with a more detailed equation for gravity that included the bending of space and time in the presence of mass. Using Einstein’s equations for gravity and recalculating Mercury’s orbit was spot-on.
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------------- 0.43 arc seconds out of 1,296,000 arc seconds
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------------- 1 part in 3 million accuracy
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------------- 0.33 parts in 1 million
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------------- No wonder most people did not notice it.
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- Now, using Newton’s equations improved by Einstein’s equations calculations should be spot-on. But, little errors in the details are showing up again. The Moon’s orbit can be tracked with extreme accuracy because Apollo astronauts left laser reflectors on the surface. Astronomer can track the Moon’s orbit to within 1 centimeter.
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------------ 1 centimeter in 384,400,000 meters
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------------ 0.26 parts in 1 billion
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------------ 0.00026 parts in 1 million
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- After 38 years of tracking this orbit it is determined that the Moon’s orbit is increasing by 0.06 meters per year.
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------------ 1.56 parts per billion
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- Tidal friction alone can explain part of this change in orbit, but, even these new calculations are off by a factor of 3. The Moon’s orbit around the Earth is growing larger.
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- What about the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. The distance between Earth - Sun is roughly 93 million miles and is called one Astronomical Unit, or AU. Astronomers have determined the accuracy for an AU out to 11 decimal places. Here it is to 3 decimal places:
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------------ AU = 1.496 *10^11 meters.
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- The accuracy of the AU depends on radar and radio ranging so it is accurate to only + or - 10 meters.
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--------------- 6.7 parts per billion.
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- With that accuracy of measurement astronomers still get measurements that the AU is increasing 0.15 meters per year. The best accuracy measurements obtained put the AU increasing at least 0.07 meters per year.
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-------------- 0.47 parts per trillion
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-------------- 0.00047 parts per billion
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- Science is just not satisfied for this accuracy in their equations. Either the equations are off making the math off, or, the measurements are in error. Other measurements have similar errors.
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- Pioneer 10 spacecraft was launched in 1972 and is now 96 AU from the Sun traveling at 2.5 AU per year ( 265,000 miles per hour). According to the calculations Pioneer is 36,000 miles short of its target location.
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-------------- (64.2*10^11 / 58 * 10^6 ) meters / meters
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------------- 0.11 parts per million off target.
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- Pioneer 11 spacecraft launched in 1973 is 75 AU distance traveling 2.4 AU per year in the opposite direction. It is 3,727miles short of its target location.
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------------ 1.87 parts per million off target
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------------ ( 1122*10^11m / 6*10^6m)
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- Galileo, NEAR, and Rosetta spacecraft have made Earth flybys and their velocity calculations have been off by 3.9, 13.5, 1.8 millimeters per second in speed increases.
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--------------0.3 parts per million in speed increase.
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- The question is do we need new physics, new equations, to explain these anomalies? In order to keep our existing equations for gravity astronomers have had to come up with unseen Dark Matter in the Universe. They have had to insert Dark Matter into 25% of the Universe’s density in order to get accurate calculations on the behavior of galaxies and the expansion of the Universe. Either there is Dark Matter in the Universe or our equations for gravity are still not accurate enough.
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- Maybe it is time for someone to discover some new physics for gravity. Those gnawing details need to be reconciled. Facts are messing with our theories. Dark Matter and Pioneer anomalies could disappear with new equations. Or, is it something else?
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- The harder think the behinder I get.
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- November 20, 2018 1037
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-------------------------- Saturday, November 24, 2018 --------------------------
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