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------------------- 2180 - Velocity is Space divided by Time
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- Heracleides was a Greek who ,in 350 B.C., figured out that the Earth was spinning on its axis. Everyone on Earth is spinning East. The people on the equator are traveling east at 1,038 miles per hour. To find out how fast you are going multiply the cosine of your latitude by 1,038 miles per hour.
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- Santa Rosa is 38 degrees, 20 minutes, and 12 seconds latitude
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--------- 122 degrees, 39 minutes, and 38 seconds longitude
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--------- 174 feet above sea level
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--------- 1038 mph * cosine (38.3 degrees) = 814 miles per hour
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- Multiply by 1.47 to get feet per second = 1,194 feet in one second. In one second we moved more than the length of 4 football fields. We do not feel it because the motion is constant. The body only perceives acceleration and deceleration, when motion increases or decreases. The sound barrier is 700 mph, or 1,029 feet per second. So we are breaking the sound barrier in velocity and don’t even notice it.
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- In 250 B.C. Aristarchus of Samos figured out that the Earth was circling the Sun and not the other way around, that everybody else thought. The Earth does not orbit in a perfect circle. It has an elliptical orbit which causes it to travel faster when it is closest to the Sun in January and slowest when it is farthest from the Sun in July.
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- The average speed is 18.5 miles per second, 66,629 miles per hour. The distance from the Sun is not what causes winter and summer. It is the 23 degree tilt to the Earth on its axis that creates the seasons.
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- Harlow Sharpley, an American astronomer, figured out that our Solar System is 2/3rds out from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy traveling towards the constellation Hercules at 12 miles per second, or 43,200 miles per hour.
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- But, this turns out to be only our sideways drift. Our Solar System is mainly moving forward toward the bright star Deneb in the constellation Cygnus traveling 135 miles per second, or 486,000 miles per hour. We will get to where Deneb is now in 1,500,000 years. Of course, Deneb will have flown off somewhere else by then.
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- It is hard to keep these velocities in perspective. Velocity is the ratio of motion in space / to duration in time. If we normalize speeds to always miles per hour it gets a little easier.
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---------------- a person walking ---------- 4 mph
---------------- a car on the highway------------ 65 mph
---------------- a jet plane ---------------- 600 mph
---------------- Sun’s rotation -------------- 2,231 mph
---------------- Pluto’s orbit -------------- 1,620 mph
---------------- Neptune’s orbit ----------- 12,253 mph
---------------- Uranus’ orbit ------------ 15,290 mph
---------------- Saturn’s orbit ----------- 21,614 mph
---------------- Jupiter’s orbit ---------- 29,236 mph
---------------- Mars’ orbit ---------- 53,979 mph
---------------- Earth’s orbit -------------- 66,629 mph
---------------- Venus’ orbit ---------- 78,341 mph
---------------- Mercury’s orbit --------- 107,088 mph
---------------- Comet Halley ---------- 122,070 mph
---------------- Sun’s orbit ------------- 486,000 mph
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----------------- Andromeda Galaxy ---------- 288,000 mph
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- Andromeda is approaching the center of the Milky Way at this speed. Because we are orbiting the center Andromeda is actually approaching us at:
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---------------- Andromeda Galaxy at us ---------- 670,000 mph
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---------------- Virgo Cluster of Galaxies -------------- 2,370,000 mph
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---------------- Coma Cluster of Galaxies ---------- 16,000,000 mph
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- The Coma Cluster is 350,000,000 lightyears away from us.
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---------------- Cosmic Background Radiation ---------- nearly the speed of light, 186,282 miles per second, 18,628 miles in a tenth of a second ,or in a blink of an eye ---------------- 670,615,200 mph
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- Nothing goes faster than light. Right?
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- Well, no material thing, but space can grow faster than light. The Universe is expanding at 14 mps, or 50,400 mph for each million light years distance. Galaxies are like dots painted on a balloon that is expanding and the dots are all moving apart from each other. So, for a galaxy that is 100 million lightyears away we see it traveling 1,400 miles per second, or 5,040,000 miles per hour, 0.7 % the speed of light.
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- Ok, let’s say the galaxy is 10 billion lightyears from us. It is traveling 140,000 miles per second, or 504,000,000 miles per hour, or 75% the speed of light. Then we look in the opposite direction and we see another galaxy 10 billion light years distant. The two galaxies are 20 billion light years apart and separating at 1,008,000,000 miles per hour or 1.5 times the speed of light. And, the Universe is only 13,700,000,000 years old so light could not have traveled 20 billion light years in that amount of time in the first place. Are we breaking the laws of Relativity and traveling at faster than the speed of light?
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- No, we are not traveling faster than light. Distances to objects in the Universe refer to their value TODAY, not the time when their light was emitted. The space between galaxies is getting bigger because the Universe is expanding in all directions.
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- Light traveling through space is being stretched by this expansion. Stretched light means it grows in longer wavelengths, lower frequency. The Big Bang’s Gamma Rays we see today as Cosmic Microwave Background radiation at a much lower frequency and much longer wavelengths than when it was emitted.
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- An object 10 billion light years away does not mean that it took light 10 billion years to travel that distance. The total distance in lightyears as measured TODAY is greater than the actual time of travel multiplied by the speed of light.
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- The edge of the Observable Universe is actually 45 billion lightyears away even though the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old. Relative velocities do not make sense unless objects are relatively close together and traveling at speeds far less than the speed of light.
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- Calculations in these fastest arenas require Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The expansion of the Universe that is stretching space is not limited to the Theory of Relativity and it can exceed the speed of light without breaking the Theory.
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- Astronomers have to keep this straight using different definitions for distance. Distance measured by the amount of light entering a telescope is called luminosity distance. The dimmer the object the farther away it is.
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- Distance measured by the angular size of an object seen through a telescope is called angular-diameter distance. The farther away the smaller it looks. These definitions only agree with each other on scales where the separations are smaller than 100 million lightyears. Beyond this short distance limit distances of two objects located in opposite directions relative to us can not be added together to get their distance of separation.
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- Farther galaxies mean they are traveling faster. The galaxies farther away from us have increasingly higher velocities, which can be calculated to be faster than the speed of light. The speed of light remains constant at 18,682 miles per second, in the blink of an eye.
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- Light from the Moon reaches us in 1.3 seconds. Light from the Sun in 8 minutes. Light travels one foot in about a nanosecond. Light speed remains constant therefore space must lengthen and time must slow down in order for this to happen at the fastest velocities. But, that is another story.
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- Other Reviews available:
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- 2085 - The fastest speed , the shortest time.
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- 2055 - Velocity is space / time.
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- 1895 - Everything in the universe is in motion.
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- 1851 - velocity , your motion in the universe.
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- 684 - became Review 2180
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- 628 - Velocity - the Very Slow to the Very Fast
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- 399 - Students - Sit There Perfectly Still
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- 648 - Relativity Explained.
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- November 21, 2018 684
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- to: ------- jamesdetrick@comcast.net ------ “Jim Detrick” -----------
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-------------------------- Saturday, November 24, 2018 --------------------------
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