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------------------- 2177 - The Universe by the Numbers
- We know the age of the Universe is 13,800,000,000 years old. If we have a telescope that can look back at the beginning we could see a galaxy that was formed 100,000,000 after the Big Bang. It has taken that galaxy’s light 13,700,000,000 years to reach us. We say the galaxy is 13,700,000,000 lightyears distant.
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- However, the Universe has been expanding over that length of time. Actually, the distance is 78,000,000,000 light years between us and that galaxy today. That is about as far as we can see, since we cannot see beyond the beginning of the Universe. To us it appears as if we are at a center of an Observerable Universe that is a sphere 156,000,000,000 lightyears in diameter.
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- Astronomers measure the geometry of the Universe to be “flat”. Therefore the Universe had to have a rapid “Inflation” of expansion in the first instants of the Big Bang. This means that the Universe that is outside our Observable Universe is 100 times larger, or, 1,560,000,000,000 lightyears in diameter.
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- The volume of the sphere we can see is 1/10,000 the size of the actual Universe that is out there. What’s worse is that what we see in the Observerable Universe is only 4% of what is there. 96% is Dark Matter and Dark Energy. So, actually, we can see only 4 / 1,000,000 of our entire Universe.
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- (So, as a comparison the Pacific Ocean is 13,740 feet deep. If we could see only 8 inches below the surface and did not know what was beyond that is the percentage of our knowledge available to us.)
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- The speed of light is one of the fundamental constants in the Universe. The speed of light is the same always and everywhere. There are several thought to be fundamental constants in the Universe that are absolutely unchanging over time, and over space.
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Examples are:
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-------------- the mass of an electron, Me = 9.1*10^-31 kilograms
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-------------- the force of gravity, G = 6.6*10^-11 meters^3/kilogram / second^2
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-------------- the electromagnetic force, 9*10^9 Newton * meter^2/ coulomb^2
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-------------- the speed of light. c = 3*10^8 meters / second
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- The trouble with these fundamental numbers is that they are man-made depending on the units that man has defined. Inches, pounds, kilometers are simply man’s definitions used in measurements.
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- On an Alien planet they would not recognize these numbers even though what they were measuring was exactly the same, just in different units. Why can’t we define these fundamental constants in unitless numbers? We can!
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- Take Pi for example. If an Alien measures the circumference of any circle divided by the diameter of that circle he will get the same number, 3.14, regardless of the units of measurement he is using. If we measure the diameter of the circle to be 10 inches, we will measure the circumference of that circle to be 31.4 inches. Making our fundamental constants ratio solves the problem of having units. Pi is unitless 3.14.
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- The mass of every electron is 9.1093897*10^-31 kilograms, the mass of every proton is 1.6726231*10^-27 kilograms. If we take the ratio 9.1 / 16,726 * 10^-31 we get a unitless ratio of 1/1836. Aliens on the other planets will get the same number, 1 / 1836.
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- The Fine Structure Constant is 1/137 with no units. It is the ratio of the speed of an orbiting electron divided by the speed of light.
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- Planck’s Constant of Action = “h” = 1.05*10^-34 kilogram * meters^2 /second. “h” is the energy of every photon when multiplied by the frequency of the photon’s oscillation. We can develop units using “h” and “G”, the Gravitational Constant, and “c” the Constant Speed of Light by setting h, G, c equal to 1 and normalizing the formulas in the form of Planck Units.
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- Setting Gravitational Constant, the Speed of Light, and
- Planck’s Constant of Action = 1.
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------------------ G = c = h = 1
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------------------ Next we define Planck time, Planck length, Planck Mass, Planck Density using these new Planck Units.
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------------------- Time^2 = h*G / c^5
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------------------- Time = 5.4*10^-44 seconds.
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------------------- This is the shortest unit of time, theoretically See Review #6 “ The Big Bang’s First Creations” and Review #368 “ Time Comes to Us in Particles” for all the math calculations.
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----------------------- Time = 10^-44
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------------------- Length^2 = h*G/c^3
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------------------- Length = 1.6*10^-35 meters.
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-------------------- This is the smallest lump of space. Planck Time is the time it would take a photon to cross a Planck Length
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------------------- Length = 10^-35
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------------------- Mass^2 = h*c/G
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------------------- Mass = 2.2*10^-8 kilograms
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------------------- Density = c^5 / h*G^3
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------------------- Density = 5.1*10^96 kilograms / meter^2
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------------------ Density = 10^-96 grams per cubic centimeter.
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- If you use these Planck Units to measure the size of the Universe you get:
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----------------------- Diameter = 5.4*10^61
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----------------------- Age 8*10^60
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----------------------- Mass = 100,000
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---------------------- Temperature = 1.9*10^-32, instead of 2.73 degrees Kelvin.
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- Note that in Planck Units the size of the Universe and the Age of the Universe are both 10^61. This is a strange coincidence that I can not explain.
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- Martin Reese is an astronomer who came up with just 6 numbers to describe the forces shaping the Universe.
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---------------- (1) The first is the ratio of the strength of the electromagnetic force to the force of gravity.
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-------------------- Force e / Force G = 10^36 unitless
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-------------- Force e / Force G = 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
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-------------------- The force of gravity is very weak compared to the electromagnetic force. But, if there were just a few less zeros only a miniature world could exist. Life could grow no larger than insects and there would be too little time for biological evolution to happen.
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---------------- (2) The strength of the Strong and Weak Nuclear forces that bind protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of atoms.
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----------------- Force E = 0.007 unitless
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----------------- This is the force that transmutes hydrogen, ie. protons, into all the atoms in the periodic table. If Force E were 0.006 or 0.008 the Universe would not exist.
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------------------ (3) The ratio of the amount of matter-energy in the Universe to the Critical Density that is needed to balance the force of gravity with expansion so expansion stops at time infinity. ( See Review #1050 for a discussion of Critical Density, “ The Universe Almost Didn’t Happen”.)
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-------------------- D/CD = 0.4
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------------------ (4) The Cosmological Constant in Einstein’s formula for the expansion of the Universe. The Cosmological Constant is very, very small other wise it would have stopped stars and galaxies from forming. Constant = 10^-39 grams / cubic centimeter.
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------------------ (5) The ratio of gravitational energy required to pull galaxies apart to the energy equivalent of the galaxy’s mass. Gravity G / Energy M = 1/100,000. unitless.
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------------------ (6) The number of spatial dimensions in the Universe.
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----------------- D = 3
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- Astronomers do not know why the constants in nature, the constants in the universe are the numbers that they are. But, they do know that if they were just a few percentage points different than what they are, the Universe would not exist as we know it. The numbers are what they are or we would not be here to think about it.
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- November 17, 2018 1051
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-------------------------- Saturday, November 24, 2018 --------------------------
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